General Offensive of 1 March 1949

The Dutch launched a military offensive on 19 December 1948 which it termed Operation Crow.

By the following day it had conquered the city of Yogyakarta, the location of the temporary Republican capital. By the end of December, all major Republican held cities in Java and Sumatra were in Dutch hands.

The Republican President, Vice-President, and all but six Republic of Indonesia ministers were captured by Dutch troops and exiled on Bangka Island off the east coast of Sumatra. In areas surrounding Yogyakarta and Surakarta, Republican forces refused to surrender and continued to wage a guerrilla war under the leadership of Republican military chief of staff General Sudirman who had escaped the Dutch offensives. An emergency Republican government, was established in West Sumatra.

On March 1, 1949 at 6 am, Republican forces launched March 1 General Offensive. The Offensive caught the Dutch by surprise. For his part, Hamengkubuwono IX allowed his palace to be used as a hide out for the troops. For 6 hours, the Indonesian troops had control of Yogyakarta before finally retreating.

The Offensive was a moral and diplomatic success, inspiring demoralised troops all around Indonesia, as well as proving to the United Nations that the Indonesian army still existed and were capable of fighting. On the other hand, the offensive had demoralized the Dutch forces, because they never thought that Indonesian forces could assault and control the city, even for a few hours.

What does paragraph 2 focus on?

Sultan Hasanuddin was born on January 12, 1631. He was the 16th ruler of Gowa, a small yet strong maritime sultanate in South Sulawesi. His child name was I Mallombasi Muhammad Bakir Daeng Mattawang Karaeng Bonto Mangepe. He came to the throne after his father, Sultan Malikussaid, passed away in 1653.

Since its establishment around 1300 AC, Gowa gradually became the most powerful kingdom in East Indonesia. Its power relied heavily on its maritime strength. However, when Hasanuddin ascended his throne, Gowa's supremacy in Indonesian waters was gravely challenged by the arrival of the Dutch East Indies Company (VOC).

By 1666, nearly all major ports in Mollucas and parts of Sulawesi fell into the Dutch hands. The Dutch policy of imposing trade monopoly in East Indonesia finally brought them to war with Gowa. The war between Goa and the VOC was long and bitter. The Dutch was forced to draw reinforcements from Batavia to avoid losing the war.

After several fierce battles, the war finally ended on 18 November 1667 by the treaty of Bungaya. Unfortunately, the treaty did not satisfy both sides and soon thereafter war broke out again. This time, Gowa was thoroughly defeated and Hasanuddin was forced to step down on 29 July 1669.

Impressed by his bravery, the Dutch nicknamed Hasanuddin De Haantjes van Het Oosten or 'the Rooster of the East.' He died on 12 June 1670 and was buried in Katangka, Makassar.

In 1973, the government made him a national hero. To commemorate his struggle, a state university and an airport in Makassar were named after him.

“After several fierce battles, the war finally ended on 18 November 1667 by the treaty of Bungaya.” (Paragraph 4). The word ‘treaty’ most nearly means … .

To overcome bankruptcy, the Dutch colonial government implemented the Cultivation System or cultuuurstelsel (Dutch) in Java in the mid of the 19th century. By the system, the Dutch government planned to monopolize the cultivation of export crops on Java. As a result, much of Java Dutch plantation.

The system obliged the villagers to devote 20% of their cultivation fields to export crops that were decided by the Dutch. Among the crops were tobacco, sugar cane, rubber, and cocoa. Villagers had to work on the Dutch plantation for 60 days each a year. To make sure, people did not run away from, the Dutch government restricted human mobility. People were not allowed to travel freely without permission. Those who broke the rule were arrested and imprisoned.

To handle and control the process, the Dutch set up a network of local middlemen who profited greatly from the system. The Dutch gave a lot of bonuses when their residency gave more crops than before. This led the local people to suffer severe depression.

The cultivation system was very successful. The Dutch earned a lot of money to run their colonial government. Between 1832 and 1852, 19% of total Dutch income was from their Javanese colony. The figure increased to 33% between 1860 and 1866.

For the local people, the system was horrible. They suffered from a lot because their worsened living standards. They worked hard to plant the crops but they got little money, because the Dutch government applied fixed prices.

What is the most suitable title of the above text?

To overcome bankruptcy, the Dutch colonial government implemented the Cultivation System or cultuuurstelsel (Dutch) in Java in the mid of the 19th century. By the system, the Dutch government planned to monopolize the cultivation of export crops on Java. As a result, much of Java Dutch plantation.

The system obliged the villagers to devote 20% of their cultivation fields to export crops that were decided by the Dutch. Among the crops were tobacco, sugar cane, rubber, and cocoa. Villagers had to work on the Dutch plantation for 60 days each a year. To make sure, people did not run away from, the Dutch government restricted human mobility. People were not allowed to travel freely without permission. Those who broke the rule were arrested and imprisoned.

To handle and control the process, the Dutch set up a network of local middlemen who profited greatly from the system. The Dutch gave a lot of bonuses when their residency gave more crops than before. This led the local people to suffer severe depression.

The cultivation system was very successful. The Dutch earned a lot of money to run their colonial government. Between 1832 and 1852, 19% of total Dutch income was from their Javanese colony. The figure increased to 33% between 1860 and 1866.

For the local people, the system was horrible. They suffered from a lot because their worsened living standards. They worked hard to plant the crops but they got little money, because the Dutch government applied fixed prices.

What is NOT TRUE about the cultivation system in Java?

To overcome bankruptcy, the Dutch colonial government implemented the Cultivation System or cultuuurstelsel (Dutch) in Java in the mid of the 19th century. By the system, the Dutch government planned to monopolize the cultivation of export crops on Java. As a result, much of Java Dutch plantation.

The system obliged the villagers to devote 20% of their cultivation fields to export crops that were decided by the Dutch. Among the crops were tobacco, sugar cane, rubber, and cocoa. Villagers had to work on the Dutch plantation for 60 days each a year. To make sure, people did not run away from, the Dutch government restricted human mobility. People were not allowed to travel freely without permission. Those who broke the rule were arrested and imprisoned.

To handle and control the process, the Dutch set up a network of local middlemen who profited greatly from the system. The Dutch gave a lot of bonuses when their residency gave more crops than before. This led the local people to suffer severe depression.

The cultivation system was very successful. The Dutch earned a lot of money to run their colonial government. Between 1832 and 1852, 19% of total Dutch income was from their Javanese colony. The figure increased to 33% between 1860 and 1866.

For the local people, the system was horrible. They suffered from a lot because their worsened living standards. They worked hard to plant the crops but they got little money, because the Dutch government applied fixed prices.

Why was the cultivation system considered to be successful by the Dutch? Because … .

Why Does a Rainbow Appear After a Drizzle?

(a legend form Philipine)

One day, a woodsman found a beautiful star fairy lying unconscious near the river bend. He discovered that her wings were broken and readily surmised that she must have fallen unconscious upon hitting the ground. The woodsman brought her home and did everything he could to nurse her back to life. The star fairy finally regained consciousness and thanked the woodsman for saving her life.

However, she was still weak and her wings were still broken, although the woodcutter improvised some form of brace to help the wings heal properly. Months passed and the inevitable happened, the woodsman and the star fairy fell in love with each other. The lovers decided to get married so they could raise a family and have children.

But alas, the day came when the fairy’s wings started fluttering on its own, so the woodsman had to remove the improvised braces. As soon as the wings became free, the star fairy was carried off to high heavens and the woodsman never saw his beloved star fairy again. He was so devastated that each day he went to the river bend, hoping that his wife would be there with her wings once again broken.

The star fairy was back at the star kingdom and could see her beloved husband pining every day for her at the river bend. However, the king had taken away her wings as her punishment for straying too far away from the kingdom. She can only have them back if she learns how to behave like a real star fairy.

One day, the king chanced upon the beautiful fairy crying and looking forlorn as she watched the river bend below. Looking down, he also saw the woodsman near the river bend who was also looking equally forlorn and with tears streaming down his face. Now the star king couldn’t stand the sight of the lovers' hopeless situation but the union between an Earth creature and a star fairy is strictly forbidden and impossible.

The king finally came up with a bright idea; he stretched out the tails of his multi-coloured strings (this is not the risqué version) so that it would hang down until it formed an arch that would reach the river bend. He told the star fairy that she could go down via the multi-coloured arch to visit her beloved woodsman but only for a few minutes. Otherwise, the arch would disappear and she could never go back. If she stayed too long on Earth she will become a mortal and will soon die. It turned out that the fairy is already more than a thousand years old, basing on Earth’s life period.

The legendary text above tells us about…

Why Does a Rainbow Appear After a Drizzle?

(a legend form Philipine)

One day, a woodsman found a beautiful star fairy lying unconscious near the river bend. He discovered that her wings were broken and readily surmised that she must have fallen unconscious upon hitting the ground. The woodsman brought her home and did everything he could to nurse her back to life. The star fairy finally regained consciousness and thanked the woodsman for saving her life.

However, she was still weak and her wings were still broken, although the woodcutter improvised some form of brace to help the wings heal properly. Months passed and the inevitable happened, the woodsman and the star fairy fell in love with each other. The lovers decided to get married so they could raise a family and have children.

But alas, the day came when the fairy’s wings started fluttering on its own, so the woodsman had to remove the improvised braces. As soon as the wings became free, the star fairy was carried off to high heavens and the woodsman never saw his beloved star fairy again. He was so devastated that each day he went to the river bend, hoping that his wife would be there with her wings once again broken.

The star fairy was back at the star kingdom and could see her beloved husband pining every day for her at the river bend. However, the king had taken away her wings as her punishment for straying too far away from the kingdom. She can only have them back if she learns how to behave like a real star fairy.

One day, the king chanced upon the beautiful fairy crying and looking forlorn as she watched the river bend below. Looking down, he also saw the woodsman near the river bend who was also looking equally forlorn and with tears streaming down his face. Now the star king couldn’t stand the sight of the lovers' hopeless situation but the union between an Earth creature and a star fairy is strictly forbidden and impossible.

The king finally came up with a bright idea; he stretched out the tails of his multi-coloured strings (this is not the risqué version) so that it would hang down until it formed an arch that would reach the river bend. He told the star fairy that she could go down via the multi-coloured arch to visit her beloved woodsman but only for a few minutes. Otherwise, the arch would disappear and she could never go back. If she stayed too long on Earth she will become a mortal and will soon die. It turned out that the fairy is already more than a thousand years old, basing on Earth’s life period.

Why did the star fairy come to the earth?

Why Does a Rainbow Appear After a Drizzle?

(a legend form Philipine)

One day, a woodsman found a beautiful star fairy lying unconscious near the river bend. He discovered that her wings were broken and readily surmised that she must have fallen unconscious upon hitting the ground. The woodsman brought her home and did everything he could to nurse her back to life. The star fairy finally regained consciousness and thanked the woodsman for saving her life.

However, she was still weak and her wings were still broken, although the woodcutter improvised some form of brace to help the wings heal properly. Months passed and the inevitable happened, the woodsman and the star fairy fell in love with each other. The lovers decided to get married so they could raise a family and have children.

But alas, the day came when the fairy’s wings started fluttering on its own, so the woodsman had to remove the improvised braces. As soon as the wings became free, the star fairy was carried off to high heavens and the woodsman never saw his beloved star fairy again. He was so devastated that each day he went to the river bend, hoping that his wife would be there with her wings once again broken.

The star fairy was back at the star kingdom and could see her beloved husband pining every day for her at the river bend. However, the king had taken away her wings as her punishment for straying too far away from the kingdom. She can only have them back if she learns how to behave like a real star fairy.

One day, the king chanced upon the beautiful fairy crying and looking forlorn as she watched the river bend below. Looking down, he also saw the woodsman near the river bend who was also looking equally forlorn and with tears streaming down his face. Now the star king couldn’t stand the sight of the lovers' hopeless situation but the union between an Earth creature and a star fairy is strictly forbidden and impossible.

The king finally came up with a bright idea; he stretched out the tails of his multi-coloured strings (this is not the risqué version) so that it would hang down until it formed an arch that would reach the river bend. He told the star fairy that she could go down via the multi-coloured arch to visit her beloved woodsman but only for a few minutes. Otherwise, the arch would disappear and she could never go back. If she stayed too long on Earth she will become a mortal and will soon die. It turned out that the fairy is already more than a thousand years old, basing on Earth’s life period.

Which paragraph that discussed about the healing of the star fairy’s wings?

Why Does a Rainbow Appear After a Drizzle?

(a legend form Philipine)

One day, a woodsman found a beautiful star fairy lying unconscious near the river bend. He discovered that her wings were broken and readily surmised that she must have fallen unconscious upon hitting the ground. The woodsman brought her home and did everything he could to nurse her back to life. The star fairy finally regained consciousness and thanked the woodsman for saving her life.

However, she was still weak and her wings were still broken, although the woodcutter improvised some form of brace to help the wings heal properly. Months passed and the inevitable happened, the woodsman and the star fairy fell in love with each other. The lovers decided to get married so they could raise a family and have children.

But alas, the day came when the fairy’s wings started fluttering on its own, so the woodsman had to remove the improvised braces. As soon as the wings became free, the star fairy was carried off to high heavens and the woodsman never saw his beloved star fairy again. He was so devastated that each day he went to the river bend, hoping that his wife would be there with her wings once again broken.

The star fairy was back at the star kingdom and could see her beloved husband pining every day for her at the river bend. However, the king had taken away her wings as her punishment for straying too far away from the kingdom. She can only have them back if she learns how to behave like a real star fairy.

One day, the king chanced upon the beautiful fairy crying and looking forlorn as she watched the river bend below. Looking down, he also saw the woodsman near the river bend who was also looking equally forlorn and with tears streaming down his face. Now the star king couldn’t stand the sight of the lovers' hopeless situation but the union between an Earth creature and a star fairy is strictly forbidden and impossible.

The king finally came up with a bright idea; he stretched out the tails of his multi-coloured strings (this is not the risqué version) so that it would hang down until it formed an arch that would reach the river bend. He told the star fairy that she could go down via the multi-coloured arch to visit her beloved woodsman but only for a few minutes. Otherwise, the arch would disappear and she could never go back. If she stayed too long on Earth she will become a mortal and will soon die. It turned out that the fairy is already more than a thousand years old, basing on Earth’s life period.

“Now the star king couldn’t stand the sight of the lovers' hopeless situation but the union between an Earth creature and a star fairy is strictly forbidden and impossible.” The underlined words 'an earth creature' represent…

The Xifeng Kou, or the Happy Meeting Fortress

There is a fortress on the Great Wall originally named, the Xifeng Kou, or the Happy Meeting Fortress. There is story of how the name of the fortress came about.

The Great Wall required soldiers to be on guard at the place all year round. Not only the soldiers suffered from this, their family members did not have a good time, too. Once, a young soldier had gone to defend the northern territory of China along the Great Wall for many years. The army prohibited anybody from leaving his duty. The young man had a father as his only family member. The father was old and feared that he might not see his son ever again. Therefore, he set forth on the visit to the Great Wall in order to see his son for perhaps, the last time. When he came to a fortress, he accidentally met his son whom had grown up. His son, too, recognized his father. The two family members greeted each other with embraces. They laughed out of joy and they cried out of grief. To everybody’s surprise, they both died on the spot.

In order to remember the loving father and son, the name of the fortress where they met was named Xifeng Kou. They represented the heart of thousands of soldiers and their family. The pass where they were buried was later named Xifeng Kou Pass.

What is the above text about?