Ethics and ______ must be adhered to; therefore, permission must be gained prior to any direct observation taking place.

A useful way to record observation data is with a

When presenting research findings, the first step is to

A _____ ____ describes the origin (or base) of power. It impacts on group dynamics, in that the leader is able to exert influence in accordance with their own capabilities and strengths

The leader is able to give merit/an award. This could be used by a teacher who gives gold stars for good work, or a boss who has jurisdiction over pay increases for extra work.

Followers of an individual’s looks or attributes (e.g. in social media, where individuals ‘follow’ or ‘like’ others). Such power often encourages followers to strive to look like or copy the leader (e.g. in pop culture, where a rock star’s fans copy the star’s dress and image)

Comes with a designated position, usually agreed or voted on by the community members or governing body. School prefects, the local mayor and the Governor-General are held in high esteem because of their position.

Comes from the knowledge or expertise of an individual in a given field. Group members may look up to the leader for guidance because they hold the leader’s knowledge in high regard; for example, a university professor may exert expert power over a class of first-year students

Derived from the ability of a leader to give or take away privileges or rights, and so influence group behaviour. This power may be used in either a positive or negative way. An example is parents who threaten to ground their children if they misbehave.