This ruling determined that it is unconstitutional for state officials to compose an official school prayer and require its recitation in public schools, even when it is non-denominational and students may excuse themselves from participation.

This ruling held that criminal suspects have a right to counsel during police interrogations. indigent criminal defendants had a right to be provided counsel at trial.

This ruling affirmed the government’s decision regarding the Japanese American Internment during World War II and found that it was not unconstitutional. Over 40 years later, the court officially admitted that this ruling was in violation of the concept of limited government.

This ruling held that evidence obtained in violation of the Fourth Amendment protection against "unreasonable searches and seizures" must be excluded from criminal prosecutions in state courts, as well as federal courts.

This ruling held that criminal suspects must be informed of their right to consult with an attorney and of their right against self-incrimination prior to questioning by police.

This ruling held that schools can search students with reasonable cause. This case lessens the Tinker doctrine and gives school officials greater latitude in disciplining students

The Supreme Court ruled that the "separate but equal" provision of the Louisiana law was constitutional. The case established this principle of segregation until it was overturned in 1954.

Controversies arose after universities began using affirmative action. The Court decided that a state supported school could use race as a basis for admission, though it ruled that minority quotas were illegal. Student was admitted to medical school.

A constitutional right to an abortion is established, though the court laid down a trimester criteria in determining whether states can impose restrictions.

This ruling invalidated prohibitions on desecrating the American flag in force in 48 of the 50 states. Justice William Brennan wrote for a five-justice majority in holding that the defendant's act of flag burning was protected speech under the first amendment.

This Supreme court decision that declared the recount of votes in a presidential election unconstitutional.

Rule of law was upheld as a key foundation to our democracy. This case reminds us that even the president is not above the law.

During the first world war, laws, such as the Espionage and Sedition Acts, were passed by Congress. Controversies over these laws lead to the question of the First Amendment. What case held that expressions that resulted in a "clear & present danger" could be punished?

What practice did Loving v. Virginia decide was unconstitutional?

What case established that federal courts can hear lawsuits seeking to force state authorities to redraw electoral districts

The court declared, "Student rights (1st Amendment) do not stop at the schoolhouse gates." The wearing of black armbands was protected by the Constitution. Students enjoy protection of the Bill of Rights unless their actions materially disrupt the educational environment.

Warren Court decisions regarding reapportionment dealt with fairly balancing the representation of

Because of Marbury v Madison, checks and balances for the three branches was established. The Supreme Court’s power to declare a law unconstitutional and overturn it