Consists of positive rewards such as praise, recognition, or

prestige, which are bestowed on persons whose behaviour has conformed, or has

exceeded conformance to prescribed norms.

Penalties imposed on those whose behaviour has

transcended the range of tolerance of the norms.

The distinctive way of life of a people, whatever that might be."

the family is the basic unit of society and always deserves special

examination.

the ability of these groups to transmit or support social values

depends in each case on the relation of the individual to the group.

a peer group -persons of similar generations or ages - tends to take

up the individual where the family's influence ends, even though the family's status and

influence condition the choices of peer group relations

it has no formal laws and no effective mass

media, but it can bring potent subcultural influences.

the mass media are carriers of cultural patterns and behavior norms.

accepted and visible practices in community life, even when not

enforced by law or official action, are just as effective in transmitting values.

contacts with community and societal forces and pressures exert a

considerable influence in shaping attitudes and behavior

implies a disruption of a previously existing condition of

organization which generally cannot be established.

A significant result of the increasing concentration of population in the cities has been a

corresponding multiplication of contact among people of different ethnic, religious,

regional and cultural backgrounds."

What some future generation may call "industrial nomadism" has set in, with individuals

and small family units moving to where jobs take them."

Numerous ethical and religious systems compete, offering many alternatives in conduct

and belief to formerly homogenous societies, especially along ethnic frontiers and in

urban centers."

Innovations of machine technology have had and are continuing to have, a

revolutionizing influence on economic and socio-political systems everywhere."

individuals as deviants, usually by convicting or imprisoning them as

criminals or treating them as disreputable characters.

the process of acquiring through association with others

is the interaction between a person and others that is governed by

the meanings that they impute to each other's action and reactions.

views a social problem as, a symbolic interaction between

individuals without the problem and others with the problem, leading the former to behave

like the latter."

a system of domination in which men exercise power over women.

appears in the form of prejudice and discrimination by men against

women.

typically appears in the form of prejudice and discrimination held and

practice by the dominant group.

Eg. Whites against the minority

searching for specific words or ideas and turning them into numbers.

Searching for new knowledge in the data collected earlier by another researcher.

A research operation in which the researcher manipulates variables so their influence can

be determined.

an analysis of people's lives from their own perspectives.

a method of observation in which the researcher takes part on

the activities of the group being studied.

a method of observation in which the researcher observes as

an outsider from a distance, without getting involved.

Rely on one's self to go where the action is - and to watch what is happening.

an interview which open-ended questions are asked and

respondents are allowed to answer freely, in their own words.

an interview which the researcher asks standardized questions

that require respondents to choose from several standardized options.

a sample drawn in such a way that all members of a population must

have the same chance of being selected.

a relatively small number of people selected from a large population

the entire group of people to be studied

A research method that involves asking people questions about their opinions, beliefs or

behaviors

Whether something that constitutes a social problem depends on how people see it. If

people perceive something as a social problem, it is a social problem; if they view it

something else, it will be Something else.

The social problem is intrinsically real in that it possesses a harmful quality that can be

verified by the experience of some people

A social condition that is perceived to be harmful to more than just a few people

Emergent configuration of people, culture, specific meanings, time and space, dynamic

processes such as social control, readjustment and interaction

The expression of the interaction between man and his environment; the individual's

manner of coping with the demands of his environment. De Guzman, 1987

It affects a person's total social functioning, and it is important to understand that people

incorporate their social and cultural environment, cultural patterns influence the manner

and the degree of self-expression and life satisfaction of people.

Shared ideas about what is desirable.

Predispositions to respond favorably toward particular people, events or situations.

"Because social values and attitudes are continually changing, the gap between

particular social ideals and particular social realities also changes - it results to

emergence of new social problems and the disappearance of old ones

is both a gathering of facts and testing of hypotheses to determine whether

they fit the facts

Every part of society - the family, the school, the

economy, the government, and the other social institutions and groups -performs certain

functions for the society as a whole."

The failure of some parts of society to perform their functions and the

resuilting disruption of the network of interdependence among all parts.

a function that is intended and widely recognized.

a function that is unintended and unrecognized.

"social problems arise from various kinds of social conflict.

Common to this incudes class conflict, racial or ethnic conflict and gender conflict."

an economic system where the means of production are largely in the

hands on the hands of private persons whether as individuals, groups or corporations,

with minimum government interventions

s a condition of social changes, disorganization and deviation that

affects a substantial number of people in ways considered undesirable from the point of

view of value judgment applied to it, and it is recognized that a solution of the situation

requires social action."

refer to any standard or rule that states what human beings should and should

not think, say or do under given circumstances.

are those which the individual is told to do spelling out the forms of

behavior to which a person must conform.

are those which the individual is supposed to "not do this", to avoid

and desist from all forms of behavior such as those forbidden in the Ten Commandments.

are simply those things to which a society or cultural group attaches

value, worth or significance.

- refers to a concerted effort or movement in the field of social welfare.

When the forces of government or the community are mobilized to achieve certain

objectives, these efforts are regarded as forms of social action

is change in the social structure and social relationships of the society

is any failure to conform to customary norms.

- represents the deviation or departure from societal norms.

refers to disruptions which are brought about by social change.

is the degree to which there are common ends and values toward

which people are oriented and in terms of which the life of the community is organized

Social disorganization refers to the weakening of the groups and institutions such as the

family, the school, the church, the community and the law which transmits official values.

When the traditional groups in society begin to lose their function and the allegiance of

members, their ability to transmit their values is impaired.

- such crimes where individuals violate the norms in pursuit of their

own ends and do not seek to change the norms.

examples include beatniks, hippies, and often political offenders

"The presence of deviation in a society does not constitute social disorganization."

Consists of unofficial group actions

Official actions of a group or society in response to the behaviour of group

members.

Defined as the ability of an individual to refrain from meeting the needs in ways

which conflict with norms and rules of the community.

The ability of the social groups or institutions to make norms and rules effective