WorksheetsAP Biology Unit 7 Review Part B
Total questions: 20
Worksheet time: 21mins
Which of the following describes conditions under which allopatric speciation is likely to be seen?
Members of a population of birds found on the mainland travel to islands in an island chain where they establish new populations and exploit resources that were not available on the mainland.
Neighboring populations of cichlids inhabiting a lake have behavioral mating differences caused by variations in the severity of the current in different regions of the lake.
Polyploidy occurs in a species of mustard plant.
After the extinction of a competitor, members of a bird population feed on previously unavailable resources in their habitat. Changes in beak shape occur over time, which leads to changes in the call of the bird and the inability of females to recognize the mating calls of some members of the population.
Bat-pollinated flowers are usually light in color and have an odor that attracts bats. This is an example of
divergent evolution
convergent evolution
parallel evolution
coevolution
Euphorbia is a genus of flowering plants that can have spines and fleshy stems, similar to cacti. Unlike cacti, however, euphorbia have small flowers that lack sepals and petals. Despite similarities, cacti and euphorbia are only distantly related to a common angiosperm ancestor. What evolutionary process gave rise to similar structures in unrelated plant genera?
Divergent evolution
Convergent evolution
Parallel evolution
Coevolution
During what period of geologic time did the Chinese alligator (A. sinensis) and the red jungle fowl (G. gallus) diverge from a common ancestor?
Before the Permian Period
Between the Permian and Triassic Periods
Between the Triassic and Paleogene Periods
Between the Paleogene Period and the present
Which type of data would not provide evidence for a common ancestor between reptiles and birds?
nuclear DNA
mitochondrial DNA
fossil record
comparison of amino acids
Scientists agree that for life to evolve on Earth, a self-replicating nucleic acid molecule had to exist first. Assuming that self-replicating molecules arose through chemical evolution in early Earth's atmosphere, which of these must also be true?
Nucleic acids spontaneously formed from the chemicals that were present in the atmosphere.
The chemicals present in Earth's early atmosphere had to combine into nucleotides prior to forming a self-replicating molecule.
Amino acids must have been present in the chemical soup prior to the evolution of self-replicating nucleic acids.
Oxygen had to be sufficiently abundant in the atmosphere to allow for nucleic acid synthesis.
During the industrial revolution, scientists observed that the peppered moth, once predominantly an ivory colored species, had become predominantly gray in coloration. Scientists hypothesized that this change correlated to the darkening of tree bark color on which the moths were found, due to the increase of soot in the air and the loss of lichens that normally cover the tree bark. This is an example of
phenotypic variation increasing the fitness of a population
phenotypic variation decreasing the fitness of a population
phenotypic variation having no effect on the fitness of a population
genotypic variation having no effect on phenotype
Imagine that there is a population of ground squirrels that live on an island. The island experiences a huge geological disruption, causing the land to break into two parts, and preventing the squirrels on one side of the island from interacting with the squirrels on the other side of the island. As time passes, each group of squirrels develops its own unique characteristics. This would lead scientists to believe that
sympatric speciation has occurred
allopatric speciation has occurred
the two groups of ground squirrels would still be able to produce viable offspring once reintroduced
the gene flow between groups of ground squirrels has increased
Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) is an antibiotic-resistant strain of the bacteria Staphylococcus aureus. Antibiotics that originally were used to treat these bacteria are no longer effective, as the bacteria has developed a resistance to the treatment. Over generations, a larger number of these bacteria contain the genes for resistance. This serves as scientific evidence to support what idea?
Populations of organisms continue to evolve.
Evolution of individual organisms can occur, but the evolution of a population cannot.
Staphylococcus aureus was incorrectly identified as a single species.
Genes cannot be transferred between bacteria because they reproduce asexually, and a new antibiotic will prevent the bacteria from being able to develop any further resistance.
According to the phylogenetic tree, Fungi have the closest evolutionary relationship with which of the following?
flagellates
ciliates
halophiles
methanococcus
Below is a cladogram depicting one scientist's hypothesis about descent among moths in Borneo. If the Java moth and the N.E. Himalaya moth are found to have 99% genetically identical copies of the gene encoding a fructose amylase, what does that tell us about our cladogram?
It cannot be correct. To have such similar copies of a gene, the species would have to be much closer to one another.
Very little time has passed since these species divisions took place.
The Java species was probably influenced by gene flow from the N.E. Himalaya species.
This information does not refute our hypothetical cladogram.
A period of extreme drought isolates two patches of desert lupine. After the drought is over and the populations are reunited, scientists can produce viable offspring with a gamete from each group, but the populations are visually different. What is the most likely explanation?
The drought applied selective pressure to the groups, altering the way they reproduce.
A speciation event has occurred.
Each population had different traits selected for during their years apart.
A new hybrid plant species was created.
In 1987, British researchers transferred a human gene to a yeast cell. The gene encoded for a protein necessary during cellular division. The yeast cell translated the human protein, which then functioned properly during the yeast's cell cycle. Which of these conclusions cannot be drawn from this experiment?
The genes that are involved in cellular division are conserved across multiple domains of life.
All living organisms share a common genetic code, which allows for the translation of novel proteins even if functionality is not shared.
The ability to transfer genes between unrelated eukaryotic organisms is not evidence of common ancestry since it does not occur naturally.
The molecular precursors for building a functional protein are conserved throughout all living organisms.
Poecilia mexicana is a species of small Atlantic fish that is widespread in the waters off the coast of Mexico and Guatemala. Most populations live in shallow brackish waters, though one population exists in complete darkness in caves that are accessible from surface waters. Scientists collected a sample of cave- and surface-dwelling P. mexicana and reared them together in two different habitats. One habitat had normal periods of light and darkness, simulating surface water conditions. The second habitat was in permanent darkness. Both sample groups had adequate access to food and dissolved oxygen. The result of the experiment was almost complete reproductive failure of surface-dwelling P. mexicana in permanent darkness. No significant changes to reproductive success were noted in either population when sunlight was available. Which of these is true regarding P. mexicana?
Populations that live in permanent darkness are less reproductively fit than surface-dwelling populations.
Speciation may occur between the two populations of P. mexicana due to special adaptations of cave-dwelling individuals.
Surface-dwelling populations are more reproductively successful in both cave and surface waters.
Reproductive isolation of cave-dwelling population will increase the incidence of lethal alleles, leading to a collapse of the population.
A population of bats relocates from the mainland to a small island 25 miles offshore. This island is densely forested, compared to their previous habitat. Researchers discover the population and begin taking measurements of the features of both island- and mainland-dwelling bats. The researchers are particularly interested in the bats' wingspan. They measure wingspan of 100 bats in both mainland and island bats over 75 generations. Their findings are here.
Bat wingspan is a trait that is controlled completely by environmental factors.
The selective pressure of a densely forested environment has caused mutations to the gene that encodes for wingspan.
The densely forested environment is a selective pressure that selects against wider wingspans.
Mainland bats and island bats will eventually become different species.
Scientists make a hybrid mouse whose copy of the gene for the 16S ribosome subunit is removed and replaced with the 16S ribosomal gene from a common ladybug. What do we expect?
The hybrid mouse will never get past early stages of development.
The hybrid mouse will have a shortened life span because the insect version is inadequately expressed for the demands of a mouse.
The hybrid mouse will be normal, but sterile.
The hybrid mouse will have no noticeable differences.
In a population of lizards, there are multiple alleles and patterns of gene expression that determine color. Lizards are typically a shade of brown or green; however, in a small percentage of the population, the combination of alleles produces a lizard that is bright orange. The lizard inhabits an area that looks like the one pictured. What is a likely consequence to the fitness of lizards with the bright orange color phenotype?
Bright orange lizards will have increased fitness due to higher success at foraging.
Bright orange lizards will have decreased fitness due to higher rates of predation.
Bright orange lizards will have decreased fitness due to a more variable genotype.
Bright orange lizards will have increased fitness due to being better adapted to the environment.
Analysis of the skeletal systems of boa constrictors and pythons occasionally shows the presence of tiny hind legs embedded in the muscle near their tails. What is this indicative of?
Sinuous body movement is a selective disadvantage, and leg bones are evidence that snakes will one day have hind limbs.
The legs may serve a different purpose in snakes than they do in limbed organisms.
Snakes evolved from an ancestor with legs, though individuals with short or absent hind limbs had better fitness than individuals with limbs.
Snakes were the first animals to develop hind legs and gave rise to all legged vertebrates.
A species of orchid has a relationship with a particular strain of bumblebee, such that only that species of bee can reach the orchid's pollen and nectar with its specialized body parts. Which of the following is not likely to be true?
It is advantageous for the plant, since its pollen is more likely to find another member of its species.
It is advantageous for the bee, since it has no competition from other species for that orchid's nectar.
Natural selection is shaping the bee, but not the plant.
If the bee goes extinct, the plant probably will, too.
Fish, amphibians, and mammals all have circulatory systems; however, they each differ slightly. The heart of a fish has two chambers, amphibians have three chambers, and mammals have four chambers. The organ serves the same function in each animal, but its development ranges from simple to more advanced based on the size and complexity of the organism. This example best supports which of the following statements?
Mammals have better circulatory systems than amphibians and fish.
The size of the organism and the number of heart chambers are directly related.
The presence of a circulatory system in each group supports common ancestry.
All living organisms require circulatory systems to survive.
