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Earth's Structure & Plate Tectonics for Twins

Total questions: 253

Worksheet time: 3hrs 51mins

Name
Class
Date
1.

Which lists the layers of the earth in the correct order? (from the outside)

a)

Core, Mantle, Asthenosphere

b)

Asthenosphere, Mantle, Core

c)

Mantle, Asthenosphere, Core

d)

Mantle Asthenosphere, Core

2.

Which layer of the Earth has plasticity and could be represented in a model with toothpaste?

a)

Crust

b)

Mantle

c)

Asthenosphere

d)

Lithosphere

3.

What is the coolest layer of the Earth?

a)

inner core

b)

lithosphere

c)

crust

d)

mantle

4.

What is the hottest layer of the Earth?

a)

inner core

b)

lithosphere

c)

crust

d)

mantle

5.

A LIMITED number of Elements make up the Earth's Crust. True or False?

a)

True

b)

False

6.

What are the names of plates A and D?

a)

Nazca and Pacific

b)

African and South American

c)

African and North American

d)

North American and Pacific

7.

What is the name of the plate labeled G?

a)

Nazca

b)

Indo- Australian

c)

African

d)

South American

8.

What is the name of the plate labeled J?

a)

Eurasian

b)

Pacific

c)

North American

d)

African

9.

What is formed where these plates are spreading apart?

a)

new ocean floor

b)

earthquakes

c)

volcanoes

d)

mountains

10.

What is formed where 2 CONTINENTAL PLATES COLLIDE?

a)

ocean basin

b)

earthquakes

c)

mountains

d)

volcano

11.

Which is less dense?

a)

Oceanic Crust

b)

Continental crust

12.

Which is more dense?

a)

continental crust

b)

oceanic crust

13.

When a continental plate collides with a oceanic plate which plate is subducted (goes under)?

a)

continental

b)

oceanic

14.

What happens to a plate that is subducted (goes under)?

a)

it melts

b)

it freezes

15.

What landform is likely to be created where one plate is forced under another?

a)

Volcano

b)

Earthquake

c)

Ocean Basin

16.

The figure shows part of what scientists think is happening in Earth’s mantle.


What process does the figure show occurring in the mantle?

a)

Hot rock expands, becomes less dense, and rises toward the surface of Earth.

b)

Hot rock expands, becomes more dense, and rises toward the surface of Earth.

c)

Hot rock becomes less dense and moves towards the outer core.

d)

Hot rock becomes more dense and moves towards the lithosphere.

17.

Earth’s temperature increases with depth. Which of the following is a result of the motion of materials caused by high temperatures in Earth’s mantle?

a)

earthquakes and volcanoes

b)

radioactive atoms in minerals

c)

ocean tides

d)

erosion and deposition

18.

Evelyn is making a model of Earth to show how the physical layers correspond to the compositional

layers. Which of the following should Evelyn show in her model?

a)

The physical layers exactly match the compositional layers.

b)

The crust is the only compositional layer not included in the physical layers.

c)

The physical layers of the inner core and outer core form a single compositional layer.

d)

The physical layer of the asthenosphere includes the compositional layer of the crust.

19.

Earth’s physical layers correspond to Earth’s compositional layers. Which part of the mantle is also part

of the lithosphere?

a)

the fluid, hot part

b)

the rigid upper part

c)

the soft moving part

d)

the lower stationary part

20.

Mount Everest formed when two tectonic plates collided. Which of the following processes lead to the

formation of Mount Everest?

a)

eriosion

b)

substidence

c)

pushed up or uplift

d)

weathering

21.

Basalt forms when lava cools on Earth’s surface. Granite forms when magma cools within the Earth. Which of these statements correctly classifies both basalt and granite?

a)

Basalt and granite are both igneous rocks.

b)

Basalt and granite are both metamorphic rocks.

c)

Basalt is igneous rock, and granite is metamorphic rock.

d)

Basalt is metamorphic rock, and granite is igneous rock.

22.

Fossils of the same plants and animal species have been found on continents that are separated by the Atlantic Ocean. Which of the following statements does this observation support?

a)

These animals and plants crossed the Atlantic Ocean.

b)

The Atlantic Ocean was once a large body of freshwater.

c)

The continents that are now separated by the Atlantic Ocean once formed a single landmass.

d)

The continents that are now separated by the Atlantic Ocean have the same kinds of organisms today as they did millions of years ago.

23.

The figure shows a process that takes place on the ocean floor.


Which of the following is most likely to result from the process shown in this figure?

a)

petrification

b)

trace fossil formation

c)

continents moving

d)

glacial melting

24.

Earth’s surface features slowly change over time. For example, sharp, jagged mountain ranges become lower and more rounded over time. What factor(s) is responsible for this change in their shape?

a)

weathering and erosion

b)

depostion

c)

movement of continents

d)

collisions between continental plates

25.

Subduction occurs when one plate slides beneath another plate. The figure below shows the process of subduction. Notice that the oceanic plate slides beneath the continental plate.


What happens when the crustal plates move as shown in the figure?

a)

An ocean forms.

b)

Volcanic mountain ranges form.

c)

Sea-floor spreading occurs as the oceanic plate moves.

d)

A transform boundary forms where the subduction occurs.

26.

The motion of tectonic plates can cause both slow and rapid changes in Earth’s surface. Which is an example of a rapid change?

a)

earthquake

b)

seafloor spreading

c)

mountain range formation

d)

formation of an ocean trench

27.

It might seem that, since the surface of the Earth is a fairly moderate temperature, Earth's core would also be of a fairly moderate temperature. Using creative logic, scientists have determined that material below the surface of the Earth is liquid and very hot. Which event on the surface of the Earth would support that conclusion?

a)

an earthquake

b)

an erupting volcano

c)

the temperature of the ocean water

d)

high surface temperature in the deserts

28.

Which of the following lists the Earth's layers from innermost to outermost?

a)

Inner Core, Crust, Lithosphere, Asthenosphere

b)

Inner core, Outer Core, Mantle, Crust

c)

Outer Core, Inner Core, Mantle, Crust

29.

What is Pangea?

a)

a fern that lives close to the equator

b)

a large ice sheet

c)

a supercontinent made of the present-day continents

30.

Seafloor spreading is a process that...

a)

Destroys oceanic crust

b)

Occurs at the mid-ocean ridges

c)

Causes continents to plow through the seafloor

31.

Which is most likely to form along a convergent tectonic boundary?

a)

a delta

b)

an ocean basin

c)

a mountain range

d)

a valley

32.

What happens at a transform plate boundary?

a)

Plates move away from each other

b)

Plates move toward each other

c)

Plates slide past each other

33.

In divergent plate boundary...

a)

two plates separate

b)

two continental plates collide

c)

two plates slide past one another

34.

What is the theory of plate tectonics?

a)

Earth’s outer layer is made up of large, moving pieces called plates

b)

Cracks in the Earth's crust cause volcanoes

c)

The Earth was created by meteors crashing into each other

35.

When oceanic and continental crust converge, the oceanic plate will dive beneath the continental plate. What best explains the results of this action?

a)

The oceanic crust is moved upward by the radiation of heat

b)

The oceanic crust will melt as it moves deeper in the earth.

c)

The continental crust will form a mountain range.

d)

The two crusts will form an ocean basin

36.

Which layer of the Earth is liquid and composed mostly of iron and nickel?

a)

inner core

b)

crust

c)

outer core

d)

mantle

37.

What are tectonic plates?

a)

slabs of oceanic crust

b)

slabs of continental crust

c)

slabs of crust and upper mantle

38.

What was the name of the theory that Alfred Wegener proposed explaining why the continents moved?

a)

seafloor spreading

b)

continental drift

c)

land moving

d)

rifting

39.

The evidence to prove continental drift was discovered prior to Wegener's death?

a)

True

b)

False

40.

Scientists understand that continents move because of the _________ moves underneath the ________

a)

lithosphere and mantle

b)

convection currents and magentism

c)

asthenosphere and lithosphere

41.

A region, known as the Ring of Fire, follows the border of the Pacific Ocean basin. Why do so many earthquakes and volcanoes occur in this region?

a)

Transform boundaries completely surround this region of the Pacific Ocean

b)

Only powerful convergent plates are located along the Ring of Fire.

c)

Two plates are diverging in the center of the Pacific Ocean basin.

d)

Numerous tectonic plate boundaries are located along the edges of this region.

42.

The movement of Earth's plates results in changes in Earth's surface. Some of these changes occur very quickly, while others may take millions of years. Which of the following is most likely formed from a rapid change?

a)

a mountain range

b)

a mid-ocean ridge

c)

a volcano

d)

a valley

43.

Mountains like the Himalayas in southern Asia form because these plate boundaries collide...

a)

Divergent Plate Boundary

b)

Convergent Plate Boundary

c)

Transform Plate Boundary

44.
What is a difference between oceanic & continental crust?
a)
Continental is thicker
b)
Oceanic is thicker
c)
Continental is made of basalt
d)
Oceanic is made of granite
45.
State of matter the rocks that are in the mantle:
a)
Solid
b)
Liquid
c)
Gas
d)
Semisolid
46.
What is the driving force behind plate tectonics?
a)
convection currents
b)
magnetic reversal
c)
volcanic eruption
d)
subduction zones
47.
Where in the mantle are convection currents found?
a)
Upper
b)
Lower
c)
Middle
d)
Center
48.
This structure rests on top of the asthenosphere:
a)
Lithosphere
b)
Outer Core
c)
Lower Mantle
d)
Oceanic Crust
49.
The lithosphere is subdivided into:
a)
tectonic plates
b)
continents
c)
islands
d)
poles
50.
Which of the following is not a piece of Wegener's evidence?
a)
fossils
b)
glaciers
c)
rocks
d)
rivers
51.
Another word used to describe a force acting on a rock:
a)
stress
b)
pressure
c)
compaction
d)
subduction
52.
A difference between the inner and outer core
a)
Outer core is solid
b)
Inner core is liquid
c)
Outer core has magnesium
d)
Inner core has iron
53.
Mountain ranges are a result of:
a)
oceanic-oceanic
b)
oceanic-continental
c)
continental-continental
d)
sea-spreading
54.
What type of boundary is indicated here at the red dot?
a)
convergent
b)
divergent
c)
transform
d)
none
55.

What type of boundary interaction is this?

a)

oceanic-continental

b)

continental-continental

c)

oceanic-oceanic

d)

divergent

56.
What travels from the mantle in order to form new crust?
a)
magma
b)
outer core
c)
convection currents
d)
asthenosphere
57.
What are usually common at transform boundaries?
a)
volcanoes
b)
earthquakes
c)
rivers
d)
deserts
58.
Rocks in the mantle are made of:
a)
Silicon
b)
Nickel
c)
Iron
d)
Magnesium
59.
Difference between continental drift (CD) and plate tectonics (PT)
a)
CD-continents were once called Eurasia
b)
PT-asthenosphere moves plates
c)
CD-no evidence for it
d)
PT-explains how CD happened
60.

Where is the earth's crust the thickest?

a)

Below the ocean

b)

Below a mountain

c)

At the Equator

d)

At the North Pole

61.

Which word best characterizes the lower mantle?

a)

Scalding

b)

Cool

c)

Molten

d)

Lukewarm

62.

What is the only entirely liquid layer of the earth?

a)

The upper mantle

b)

the outer core

c)

the inner core

d)

the lower mantle

63.

If the earth's mantle were completely solid, _____________ plates could not move around.

a)

Tectonic

b)

Technical

c)

Titanic

d)

Agnostic

64.

Based on the current position of the continents, in what general direction did South America drift away from Pangaea?

a)

East

b)

West

c)

South

d)

North

65.

What evidence did Alfred Wegener use to support his theory of continental drift?

a)

Fossil discoveries

b)

The Himalaya Mountains

c)

Ancient maps of the world

d)

Charts of seismic activity

66.

What is true of tectonic plates?

a)

They are constantly moving

b)

Earthquakes cause them to move

c)

They don't move for centuries at a time

d)

There are fewer and fewer of them

67.

Where is Earth's heat energy most concentrated?

a)

The mantle

b)

The lithosphere

c)

The core

d)

The crust

68.

Which of the following best describes the location of the mantle?

a)

Above the crust

b)

Between the crust and the lithosphere

c)

Between the crust and the core

d)

Beneath the core

69.

What is the underlying force that drives plate tectonics?

a)

Ocean tides

b)

Volcanic eruptions

c)

The rock cycle

d)

Convection Currents

70.

Convection currents are powered by

a)

heat

b)

motion

c)

pressure

d)

density

71.

What is the large landmass that consisted of all the land 300 million years ago?

a)

Pangea

b)

Pongo

c)

Portuguese

d)

Turtle Island

72.

What do scientist believe to cause the tiny wobble in Earth's spin?

a)

areas of solid iron floating over the molten core

b)

the blending of materials between the upper core and the inner core

c)

the amount of pressure put on the core from the weight above

d)

the amount of magnesium in the core

73.

What is the theory of Earth's plates called?

a)

plate tectonics

b)

plate floor spreading

c)

volcanic eruptions

d)

continent floor spreading

74.

A convergent boundary is

a)

where two tectonic plates collide together

b)

where two tectonic plates spread apart from each other

c)

where two tectonic plates bump each other and rub against each other

d)

where tectonic plates pull apart and collide together

75.

Divergent tectonic plates is where

a)

tectonic plates collide together

b)

tectonic plates move apart from each other

c)

tectonic plates bump and rub against each other

d)

tectonic plates collide together and pull apart from each other

76.

What causes a tsunami?

a)

an earthquake under the sea

b)

by molten rock bubbling up out of trenches

c)

by mountains forming under water

d)

an earthquake in mountainous regions

77.

Why is understanding tectonic plate movement important to understanding our Earth?

a)

It lets us know why we have seasons

b)

It explains why there are so many countries

c)

It explains how landforms were made and why earthquakes happen

d)

It explains why the weather changes so quickly

78.

Where two plate slide by each other in opposite directions is called a _______________________?

a)

transform boundary

b)

divergent boundary

c)

convergent boundary

79.

Pangea is ___________________________________

a)

the name of the super continent that once existed

b)

the name of the person who invented the theory of plate tectonics

c)

the name of the tallest mountain range in the world

d)

the name of the machine that measures earthquakes

80.

Tectonic plates move at the rate of ________________________.

a)

1 mile per hour

b)

2 - 5 centimeters a year

c)

2 miles a year

d)

Tectonic plates do not move

81.

___________________ create mountains, ocean trenches, and rearranges islands.

a)

Hurricanes

b)

Tornadoes

c)

Volcanoes

d)

Tectonic plate movements

82.

What makes the tectonic plates move?

a)

Convection, the heating and cooling of magma inside the earth

b)

Storms that happen over the ocean

c)

Global warming

d)

The different moon phases

83.

Which one of these is NOT proof the plate tectonic theory?

a)

Fossils of the same animal have been found on different continents that are separated by ocean

b)

Matching rock layers have been found on different continents separated by ocean

c)

The continents look like puzzle pieces that fit together

d)

There are ancient cave pictures of one large continent

84.

Volcanoes and mountains are created at ________________

a)

divergent boundaries

b)

convergent boundaries

c)

transform boundaries

85.

New ocean floor, and ridges in the ocean floor are created at

a)

divergent boundaries

b)

convergent boundaries

c)

transform boundaries

86.

Most earthquakes happen at ____________________________.

a)

divergent boundaries

b)

convergent boundaries

c)

transform boundaries

87.

The scientist who came up with Tectonic Plate Theory was?

a)

Merriweather Lewis

b)

Thomas Edison

c)

Alfred Wegner

d)

Albert Einstein

88.

Where two tectonic plates meet is called a ____________________.

a)

rift

b)

gap

c)

boundary

d)

volcano

89.
Where tectonic plates pull away from each other, which of the following geologic features is most likely to result?
a)
Ridge
b)
Plateau
c)
Mountain
d)
Beach
90.
Which of the following models would best represent the inner and outer core of Earth, based on the physical characteristics of each layer?
a)
A metal ball bearing (solid) suspended in oil (liquid)
b)
Gelatin (red semi-solid) on top of a cracker (brittle solid)
c)
A ball of clay (solid) filled with water (liquid)
d)
Rubber ball (flexible solid) painted red (thin solid covering)
91.
Which of the following geologic events would most likely occur where two continental plates converge?
a)
Tsunami 
b)
Earthquake
c)
Mountain Formation
d)
Trench Formation
92.
Oceans, and other bodies of water, are found on which layer of Earth?
a)
Outer core
b)
Mantle
c)
Inner core
d)
Crust
93.
The interaction of tectonic plate boundaries is associated with which of the following events?
a)
Hurricanes
b)
Tropical storms
c)
Earthquakes
d)
Tornadoes 
94.
Which of the following would be an accurate feature to include in a model of Earth?
a)
A crust that is the thickest layer
b)
An inner core that contains oceans
c)
A thin mantle in the center of the model
d)
A liquid outer core below the mantle
95.
At which type of plate boundary will a trench most likely form?
a)
Divergent
b)
Transform
c)
Earthquake
d)
Convergent 
96.
Which of the following best describes Earth’s asthenosphere?
a)
Liquid rock that can reach the surface
b)
Solid rock that is broken into plates
c)
Dense rock that moves the crust
d)
Metal rock at the center of the Earth
97.
An illustration of the major tectonic plates is provided. Which of the labeled plates in the illustration is the Eurasian Plate?
a)
A
b)
B
c)
C
d)
D
98.
A student constructs a clay model of Earth to show its layers. What property is the model able to share with the real Earth? The model will have layers that are the same -
a)
temperatures as the real Earth.
b)
positions as the real Earth.
c)
state of matter as the real Earth.
d)
thickness as the real Earth.
99.
The layer of Earth that is found directly below the lithosphere is called the -
a)
asthenosphere.
b)
inner core.
c)
outer core.
d)
crust.
100.
Which layer of Earth is broken up into giant moving plates?
a)
Asthenosphere
b)
Lithosphere
c)
Inner core
d)
Outer core
101.
Which layer of Earth behaves more like a solid near the top, and more like a liquid near the bottom, where pressure is higher?
a)
Crust
b)
Mantle
c)
Outer core
d)
Inner core
102.
Earth’s layers are evidence that, over time, Earth has gradually -
a)
spun more quickly.
b)
grown in size.
c)
cooled into a solid.
d)
broken into parts.
103.
Earth’s crust would be best modeled by using a material that is -
a)
liquid and hot.
b)
dense and smooth.
c)
soft and flexible.
d)
thin and solid.
104.
Which of Earth’s layers would be best modeled as a metallic sphere?
a)
Mantle
b)
Inner core
c)
Outer core
d)
Crust
105.
The materials available to make a model of Earth are shown. To make the most accurate model, which of the materials would best represent the asthenosphere?
a)
Modeling clay
b)
Ping pong ball
c)
Ball bearing
d)
Water
106.
Which of Earth’s layers has the lowest density?
a)
Crust
b)
Inner core
c)
Outer core
d)
Mantle
107.
Which of the following best describes the position of the layer of the earth known as the crust?
a)
Above the mantle, which is above the core
b)
Above the core, and below the mantle
c)
Between the inner core and the outer core
d)
Below all other layers, including the mantle and core
108.
The plates are able to shift and flex because they “float” on a soft, flexible layer called the - 
a)
lithosphere.
b)
asthenosphere. 
c)
mantle.
d)
magma.
109.

melted rock located beneath Earth's surface

a)

lava

b)

crust

c)

magma

d)

mantle

110.

melted rock on Earth's surface

a)

crust

b)

lava

c)

mantle

d)

magma

111.
What type of plate boundary is this?
a)
Transform
b)
Convergent
c)
Divergent
d)
Plate
112.
Name the boundary
a)
convergent boundary
b)
divergent boundary
c)
transform boundary
d)
sergent boundary
113.
Name the boundary
a)
convergent boundary
b)
divergent boundary
c)
transform boundary
d)
sergent boundary
114.
Most volcanoes and earthquakes occur...
a)
along the coast
b)
along tectonic plate boundaries
c)
in the Arctic
d)
in the ocean
115.
Which is the thinnest layer of the earth?
a)
Mantle
b)
crust
c)
Bread crust
d)
Pizza crust
116.

Fossils are

a)

Imprints of animal remains, leaves, and other organic material that has been buried.

b)

Are rocks that go underground.

c)

Are purple in color most of the time.

d)

Are found in magma of extrusive rocks.

117.
What are the two types of crust?
a)
top crust,bottom crust
b)
oceanic crust, continental crust
c)
water,land
d)
none of the above 
118.
What layer is depicted in yellow?
a)
Crust
b)
Core
c)
Mantle
d)
Lithosphere
119.
Why have geologists not reached the mantle?
a)
It is too hot for humans to go there.
b)
It is too smelly for humans to go there.
c)
It doesn't have Wi-Fi so none of their instruments work.
d)
Scientists have not figured out how to time travel.
120.
If you traveled from the crust to the core, the pressure would...
a)
increase
b)
decrease
c)
stay the same
d)
unsure
121.
What is the definition of Crust?
a)
Earth's thin outermost layer is solid rock. 
b)
This thick layer is between the crust and the other core. 
c)
Formed mostly of molten metal, this is Earth's only liquid layer.
d)
Pressure keeps this super hot metallic region in a solid state. 
122.
The huge pieces of the earth's crust are called ____________________________. 
a)
crust
b)
plates
c)
directions
d)
seismos
123.
Which of the following is associated with transform boundary?
a)
volcanoes
b)
mountains
c)
trenches
d)
earthquakes and fault line
124.
Plate movement is caused by _____
a)
The rotation of the Earth
b)
Ocean tides
c)
Convection current in the mantle
d)
The moon's gravity
125.
What type of boundary creates a new seafloor?
a)
convergent continental to continental
b)
convergent ocean to continental
c)
convergent ocean to ocean
d)
divergent 
126.
San Andreas Fault formed at this type of boundary-
a)
Transform Boundary
b)
Convergent Boundary
c)
Divergent Boundary
d)
Hot Spot
127.
Fossils, landforms, glaciers, and puzzle were all evidence of-
a)
big bang theory
b)
continental drift theory
c)
sea floor spreading theory
d)
volcanic theory
128.
Continental crust is approximately _________kilometers thick.
a)
300 to 500
b)
8 to 10
c)
30 to 70
d)
160 to 200
129.
Which crust is made up of basaltic rock?
a)
oceanic
b)
continental
130.
Which statement is true about oceanic crust?
a)
It is made of melted rock.
b)
It is the thinner than continental crust.
c)
It is thicker than continental crust.
d)
It is made of liquid metal.
131.
Which layer is represented by the yellow layer?
a)
inner core
b)
outer core
c)
mantle
d)
crust
132.

Which feature is created when tectonic plates collide?

a)

sinkholes

b)

folded mountains

133.

The matching coastlines of Africa and South America help support which theory?

a)

the theory of evolution

b)

the theory of gravity

c)

the theory of continental drift

134.

What causes faults?

a)

the shrinking of Earth

b)

the heating of Earth

c)

the movement of tectonic plates

135.

Identical fossils in Africa and South America support which theory?

a)

the big bang theory

b)

the plate tectonics theory

c)

the theory of evolution

136.

Where are most volcanoes and earthquakes located?

a)

in the middle of continents

b)

along the edges of tectonic plates

c)

in the tropics

137.

The tectonic plates are floating on material that is moving in Earth's ___________.

a)

mantle

b)

outer core

c)

inner core

138.

The movement of tectonic plates is believed to be caused by ________.

a)

convection currents in the mantle

b)

Earth's magnetic field

c)

the gravitational pull of the moon

139.

Earth's crust and upper mantle are broken into pieces called _________.

a)

continents

b)

tectonic plates

c)

faults

140.

Ocean trenches are often found at what type of plate boundaries?

a)

divergent

b)

convergent

c)

transform

141.

What type of rock forms along divergent plate boundaries?

a)

igneous

b)

sedimentary

c)

metamorphic

142.

What do convection currents cause?

a)

solid rocks

b)

sea floor spreading

c)

cementation

143.

What do the tectonic plates do at transform boundaries?

a)

move apart

b)

slide past each other

c)

collide

144.

What do tectonic plates do at convergent boundaries?

a)

move apart

b)

slide past each other

c)

collide

145.

Which geologic feature forms when tectonic plates collide?

a)

sinkholes

b)

mountains

c)

valleys

146.

What can the movement of tectonic plates produce?

a)

glaciers

b)

earthquakes

c)

fossils

147.

Most major earthquakes are caused by ________.

a)

faults

b)

tsunamis

c)

movement along tectonic plates

148.

Label number 1 (the brown area).

a)

crust

b)

mantle

c)

outer core

d)

inner core

149.

Label number 2 (the yellow area).

a)

crust

b)

mantle

c)

outer core

d)

inner core

150.

Label number 3 (the orange area).

a)

crust

b)

mantle

c)

outer core

d)

inner core

151.

Label number 4 (the red area).

a)

crust

b)

mantle

c)

outer core

d)

inner core

152.
The Great Rift Valley in Africa and the Mid-Atlantic Ridge were both created by this type of plate boundary. 
a)
divergent
b)
convergent
c)
transform
d)
subduction
153.
Most geologists rejected Alfred Wegener's idea of continental drift because...
a)
it did not agree with their current theory
b)
Wegener was interested in what Earth was like millions of years ago
c)
Wegener used several different types of evidence to support his hypothesis
d)
Wegener could not identify the force that moved the continents
154.
Identify layer  #20.
a)
mantle
b)
pizza crust
c)
inner core
d)
outer core
155.
If we compare the temperature and pressure of Earth's mantle to the core, what differences can we expect as we move downward into Earth?
a)
Both temperature and pressure increase.
b)
Both temperature and pressure decrease.
c)
Temperature decreases and pressure increases.
d)
Temperature increases and pressure decreases.
156.
Which layer of Earth is LIQUID?
a)
upper mantle
b)
lower mantle
c)
outer core
d)
inner core
157.

How do scientists learn about the physical properties of Earth's different layers?

a)

They ask major political leaders their opinions about scientific research.

b)

They discuss and debate ideas about Earth's layers after looking at the internet.

c)

They study scientific books and magazines about Earth and choose the best idea.

d)

They measure seismic waves and make inferences based on changes in wave speeds.

158.

What is magma made of?

a)

solid rock

b)

melted rock

c)

small pieces of sediment

159.

If magma increases in temperature (get hot) what will happen?

a)

It moves down (sinks)

b)

It moves up (rises)

160.
A divergent boundary occurs when plates ....
a)
Pull apart
b)
Come together
c)
Slide past each other
d)
subducting
161.
What type of plate boundary is this?
a)
Transform
b)
Convergent
c)
Divergent
d)
Plate
162.
Where would the oldest rock be found?
a)
L
b)
M
c)
N
d)
O
163.

The lithosphere is broken into pieces called

a)

tectonic sections

b)

tectonic plates

c)

tectonic portions

d)

tectonic collisions

164.

Which physical layer is the soft, malleable part of the mantle?

a)

lithosphere

b)

asthenosphere

c)

mesosphere

d)

core

165.

Select the three compositional layers of Earth.

a)

crust

b)

lithosphere

c)

mantle

d)

core

166.

Select all that are true about the inner core.

a)

It is made of iron and nickel

b)

It is solid

c)

It is liquid

d)

It is at the center of Earth

167.

Which is true about oceanic crust?

a)

It is thicker than continental crust

b)

It is more dense than continental crust

c)

It is less dense than continental crust

d)

It makes up the mantle

168.

Select the three mechanisms that drive tectonic plate motion.

a)

mantle convection

b)

slab pull

c)

ridge push

d)

continental drift

169.

Which layer do the tectonic plates sit on?

a)

Crust

b)

Lithosphere

c)

Asthenosphere

d)

Mantle

170.

The crust and the rigid upper part of the mantle make up which physical layer?

a)

lithosphere

b)

asthenosphere

c)

mesosphere

d)

inner core

171.

How are the inner and outer core similar?

a)

They are both liquid

b)

They are both solid

c)

They are both made of iron and nickel

d)

They are the outermost layers

172.

Many scientists think that the most important mechanism driving tectonic plate motion is ...

a)

mantle convection

b)

slab pull

c)

ridge push

d)

plate tectonics

173.

What process is being described "molten rock from inside Earth rises through the cracks in the ridges, cools, and forms new oceanic crust"

a)

sea-floor spreading

b)

mantle convection

c)

subduction

d)

slab pull

174.

The continents were joined in a single large landmass they call Pangaea. Over this span of time, the continents have moved to their present day locations. What is this theory called?

a)

plate tectonics

b)

continental drift

c)

sea-floor spreading

d)

subduction

175.

When Convergent boundaries happen, crust is ______

a)

formed/created

b)

destroyed

c)

doubled

d)

nothing happens, neither created or destroyed

176.

When transform boundaries happen, crust is ______

a)

formed/created

b)

destroyed

c)

doubled

d)

nothing happens, neither created or destroyed

177.

When divergent boundaries happen, crust is ______

a)

formed/created

b)

destroyed

c)

doubled

d)

nothing happens, neither created or destroyed

178.

what are the evidence that earth's tectonic move causing change to Earth's surface choose 3

a)

melting ice in the artic

b)

Fossils and continent shapes

c)

Land warping and ocean floor spreading

d)

Location of volcanoes and earth surface like the horseshoe ring in the Pacific Ocean

e)

Explorers sailing in different oceans

179.

Which of the following best explains what is happening at point B on the model below?

a)

Two tectonic plates colliding at a convergent boundary, creating a subduction zone which recycles crust.

b)

Two tectonic plates colliding at a divergent boundary, creating new crust and rift valleys.

c)

Two tectonic plates colliding at a transform boundary, creating a subduction zone which recycles crust.

d)

Two tectonic plates colliding at a convergent boundary, creating new crust and rift valleys.

180.

Four students are trying to explain the movement of tectonic plates. Each student presented his or her idea: Student 1: Tectonic plates move quickly due to the gravitational pull from the inner core; Student 2: Tectonic plates move slowly due to convection currents in the mantle caused by heat from the sun; Student 3: Tectonic plates move slowly due to the movement in the outer core; Student 4: Tectonic plates move slowly due to heat from the core causing convection in the mantle. Which student has the best explanation?

a)

Student 1 because gravity is the strongest in the inner core and pulls the plates apart from each other.

b)

Student 2 because convection currents caused by the sun's heat are strongest in the mantle.

c)

Student 3 because the spinning movement of the outer core travels through the mantle which causes plates to shift.

d)

Student 4 because the heat caused by the pressure on the inner core radiates out to cause the mantle to have convection currents.

181.

Mount Everest is the tallest mountain in the world that is found in the Himalayan Mountain range. Everest is located on a major plate boundary that often causes sudden earthquakes in the area. Mount Everest is also growing taller by about one inch per year. What is the best explanation for the increase in height of the mountain?

a)

Mount Everest is located on a divergent boundary where two continental plates are colliding.

b)

Mount Everest is located on a convergent boundary where two continental plates are colliding.

c)

Mount Everest is located on a divergent boundary where oceanic and continental plates are colliding.

d)

Mount Everest is located on a convergent boundary where oceanic and continental plates are colliding.

182.

How does fossil evidence support Wegener's hypothesis of continental drift?

a)

Similar fossils found on far apart landmasses support that the continents were once a single landmass.

b)

Fossil evidence suggest that the continents have always been in their current positions.

c)

No similarities exist between fossils on different continents.

d)

Plant and animal fossils sow evidence of changes in Earth's polarity.

183.

Students in Earth science class were presented with the data table showing the types of fossils found in various rock layers. Which of the following arguments best explains the data?

a)

Student 1 claims there are more fossils in Layer 3 than in Layer 1 because Layer 3 is older.

b)

Student 2 claims there are no fossils from water animals in Layer 1 because the water dried up.

c)

Student 3 claims there are more fossils in Layer 3 than in Layer 2 because the temperature became colder over time.

d)

Student 4 claims there are no fossils from land plants or animals because water animals consumed them.

184.

Which argument best explains the difference in species from rock layer 1 to rock layer 2?

a)

The climate that formed rock layer 1 allowed for more diversity in ferns while the climate that formed rock layer 2 restricted plant diversity.

b)

The climate that formed rock layer 2 allowed for more diversity in ferns while the climate that formed rock layer 1 restricted plant diversity.

c)

Rock layer 1 had higher diversity due to summer weather while rock layer 2 had lower diversity due to winter weather.

d)

Rock layer 2 had higher diversity due to summer weather while rock layer 2 had a lower diversity due to winter weather.

185.

Mr. Jones is teaching his class about the various changes of Earth's surface over time. He wants his students to explain the evidence that supports the claim that fossils can show proof of the changing of Earth's surface. Which of the following statements best explains how students can use fossils as evidence?

a)

Plant fossils can be used as evidence of Earth's surface changing because similar fossils found in various locations supports that Earth was once a supercontinent.

b)

Plant fossils can be used as evidence of Earth's surface changing because different fossils found in one specific location on Earth supports that Earth was once a supercontinent.

c)

Animal fossils can be used as evidence of Earth's surface changing because different fossils found in various locations supports that Earth was once a supercontinent.

d)

Animal fossils can be used as evidence of Earth's surface changing because similar fossils found in one specific location of Earth supports that Earth was once a supercontinent.

186.

Katie's class is having a debate about how to use evidence to support their claim that fossils can explain how Earth's climate has changed. Which piece of evidence best supports the claim?

a)

Fossils of flowers that were known to be tropical were found in very cold locations like Antarctica.

b)

Fossils of flowers that were known to be tropical were found in both tropical locations like Australia as well as arctic locations like Antarctica.

c)

Fossils of flowers that were known to be arctic are found in very cold locations like Antarctica.

d)

Fossils of flowers that were known to be arctic are found in both tropical continents like Australia as well as arctic continents like Antarctica.

187.

Students at a middle school collected data to compare and contrast fossils found in rock layers to explain how the Earth is continually changing. A team of four students made observations of the fossil evidence to better understand the changes that have taken place on Earth over time. They then used these observations to provide evidence to support the argument that the Earth's surface has changed over time and continues to change. Which student best explains the evidence that supports the changing of Earth's surface?

a)

Student A

b)

Student B

c)

Student C

d)

Student D

188.

Mike and his friend Chad are working on posters to accurately show how to use fossil evidence to support a claim of how fossils show evidence of the changing surface. Mike has designed poster A and Chad designed poster B. Which poster accurately shows how fossil evidence is used to support the claim?

a)

Poster A and Poster B are both accurate because the map displays the fossils' evidence as supporting that Earth's surface has always been divided into continents.

b)

Poster B is more accurate because the map displays the fossils' evidence as supporting that Earth's surface was once one land mass.

c)

Poster A is more accurate because the maps display the fossils' evidence as supporting that Earth's surface has always been divided into continents.

d)

Poster A and Poster B are both accurate because the maps display the fossils' evidence as supporting that Earth's surface was once one land mass.

189.

Ashley disagrees with her teacher that Earth's surface has changed over the centuries. She says that it is difficult to believe because no one was around during this time to see it with their own eyes, but she can see the 7 continents that make up Earth's surface now. Her classmates try to explain the evidence that can be used to support this theory of continental drifting. Which of the following best supports the theory of continental drifting?

a)

Classmate #1 says that the landmass called Pangaea existed and we know this because all of the continents such as North America and South America fit together like puzzle pieces.

b)

Classmate #2 says that the landmass called Pangaea existed and we know this because fossil evidence found in Africa were only in Africa.

c)

Classmate #3 says that the landmass called Pangaea existed and we know this because fossils of similar animals were discovered on different continents that fit together like puzzle pieces.

d)

Classmate #4 says that the landmass called Pangaea existed and we know this because fossils of similar animals were discovered on different continents that do not fit together like puzzle pieces.

190.

A Texas shoe factory relies heavily on the use of fossil fuels. The owner of the factory wishes to make his company more environmentally friendly by increasing the use of natural resources. However, he is uncertain as to which resources to use. What questions should the owner ask first to determine which alternative resource would be best to use in his factory?

a)

What alternative resources are the cheapest?

b)

How can the use of fossil fuels save his company money?

c)

Which natural resources are most readily available in Texas?

d)

Is nuclear energy too unreliable and unsafe to be used in his factory?

191.

A family is planning to build a new house using this model. What question can be asked to find out how the family will use renewable or nonrenewable resources in their new home?

a)

How does the ground-source heat pump heat and cool the home?

b)

How much heat does the family plan to use each winter?

c)

How does the ground-source heat pump impact the surrounding environment?

d)

How much energy is required to heat a home of this size?

192.

Which of the following is formed at Continent- Continent convergent boundaries?

a)

Volcanic Mountains

b)

Earthquakes

c)

Non-volcanic Mountain Ranges

d)

Both volcanoes and earthquakes

193.

Which of the following is the a picture of a ocean to ocean convergent boundary?

a)
b)
c)
d)

None of those show a ocean to ocean convergent

194.

What formations happen at ocean to ocean subduction zones?

a)

Deep oceanic trenches

b)

Mountain Ranges

c)

Coastal Volcanic Mountains

d)

Both mountains and volcanoes

195.

The cascade mountain range, where Mt. St Helens is formed, was created because of a ...

a)

Subduction zone

b)

Ocean - continent boundary

c)

crust melted and magma formed volcanic mountain ranges

d)

All of those above

196.

At which boundary is crust DESTROYED (when melting in the mantle!)?

a)

Continent- continent Convergent

b)

Transform boundaries

c)

Subduction zones

d)

All convergent boundaries

197.

Which is an example of a plate boundary which has formed the Himalayas Mountain Range (home of Mt. Everest!) ?

a)

Ocean- continent convergent boundary

b)

Ocean- Ocean convergent boundary

c)

Continent - continent Convergent boundary

d)

Transform boundary

198.

Which of the following is the photo which formed JAPAN- a volcanic island arc?

a)
b)
c)
199.

At which plate boundaries does a SUBDUCTION zone occur?

a)

Continent to continent convergent boundary

b)

Ocean- continent convergent boundary

c)

ocean- ocean convergent boundary

d)

Both Ocean-Ocean and Ocean- Cont. Boundaries

e)

Both Ocean- Cont. and Cont- cont. Boundaries

200.

How were the Colorado Rockies Formed?

a)

Continent Continent Convergent COLLISION!

b)

Deep Ocean- Ocean subduction zone

c)

Shallow subduction of ocean under continent plate

201.

Which plate is the SUBDUCTING or sinking plate in a convergent boundary?

a)

The dense oceanic plate

b)

The Thick continental plate

c)

Neither

d)

Both ocean and continental plate can sink.

202.

When the subducting plate sinks into the mantle it heats up and melts. This can form which of the following?

a)

Coastal volcanic mountain arcs like the Cascades (Mt. St. Helens)

b)

Oceanic volcanic island arcs like Japan (Mt. Fuji)

c)

Very tall mountain ranges like the Himalayas (Mt. Everest)

d)

Both Volcanic arcs- continental and oceanic.

203.

Fill in the blank: The oceanic plate is _______ dense than the continental plate so it sinks, or subducts, under the continental plate.

a)

Less

b)

More

c)

Same

204.

At which of the following boundaries is CRUST neither created OR destroyed- it is just reformed?

a)

Ocean- continent boundary

b)

Ocean- ocean continent boundary

c)

Continent- continent boundary

d)

Divergent Boundary

205.

At which of the following plate boundaries is there little to no activity happening (no volcanoes and no large earthquakes)

a)

Ocean-ocean convergent

b)

ocean- cont. convergent

c)

cont- cont convergent

d)

divergent

206.

What formations happen at ocean to ocean subduction zones?

a)

Deep oceanic trenches

b)

Mountain Ranges

c)

Coastal Volcanic Mountains

d)

Both mountains and volcanoes

207.
In the Atlantic ocean, where is the youngest seafloor located?
a)
Towards the edges, near the eastern and western continents
b)
Towards the middle of the ocean
c)
Towards the north and south poles
d)
Young seafloor is located randomly throughout the ocean
208.
True or False: Our continents will eventually become a supercontinent (like Pangaea) again, far in the future
a)
True
b)
False
209.
True or False: The plates will never stop moving
a)
True
b)
False
210.

Process by which new ocean crust forms.

a)

Seafloor spreading

b)

Continental drift

c)

Mid-ocean ridge

d)

Rift

211.
The zone where one plate slides under another is called the
a)
Convergent zone
b)
Subduction zone
c)
Transform zone
d)
Mantle zone
212.
Undersea mountain range.
a)
Rift
b)
Mid-ocean ridge
c)
seafloor spreading
d)
Continental drift
213.
Older crust is found towards the...
a)
Mid-ocean ridge
b)
Deep-ocean trench
c)
Asthenosphere
214.

A(n) _____is an area of many fractured pieces of crust along a large fault.

a)

mid-ocean ridge

b)

subduction zone

c)

fault zone

215.

A(n) _____is an underwater mountain chain.

a)

mid-ocean ridge

b)

subduction zone

c)

fault zone

216.

Scientists have observed that plates move at rates ranging from 1 cm to 12 cm per _______.

a)

century

b)

decade

c)

day

d)

year

217.
What drives tectonic plate movement? 
a)
gravity
b)
coriolis effect
c)
convection currents
d)
the earth's magnetic core
218.
The Great Rift Valley in Africa and the Mid-Atlantic Ridge were both created by this type of plate boundary. 
a)
divergent
b)
convergent
c)
transform
d)
subduction
219.

The thickest layer of Earth

a)

core

b)

mantle

c)

crust

220.

The thinnest layer of Earth

a)

core

b)

mantle

c)

crust

221.
What is the correct order of the physical layers of the geosphere?
a)
lithosphere, asthenosphere, mesosphere, outer core, inner core
b)
inner core, asthenosphere, lithosphere, outer core, mesosphere
c)
mesosphere, lithosphere, asthenosphere, inner core, outer core
d)
outer core, inner core, mesosphere, asthenosphere, lithosphere
222.

The lower boundary of the crust is called the Mohorovicic discontinuity, or __________.

a)

"Moho"

b)

plasticity

c)

oceanic crust

d)

core

223.

How do scientists learn about the physical properties of Earth's different layers?

a)

They ask major political leaders their opinions about scientific research.

b)

They discuss and debate ideas about Earth's layers after looking at the internet.

c)

They study scientific books and magazines about Earth and choose the best idea.

d)

They measure seismic waves and make inferences based on changes in wave speeds.

224.

If magma increases in temperature (get hot) what will happen?

a)

It moves down (sinks)

b)

It moves up (rises)

225.

The Earth's north magnetic pole has NOT always been at its present location.

a)

true

b)

false

226.
Where would the oldest rock be found?
a)
L
b)
M
c)
N
d)
O
227.

A ____________ is a crack in the Earth's surface.

a)

Tsunami

b)

fault

c)

epicenter

d)

seismologist

228.

An ____________ is the location on the Earth's surface above where the earthquake began.

a)

fault

b)

epicenter

c)

tsunami

d)

volcano

229.

The size of earthquakes are measured on the Richter Scale.

a)

True

b)

False

230.

___________________ is the name of a series of waves that is so powerful it can destroy a city.

a)

Thunder Storm

b)

earthquake

c)

volcano

d)

Tsunami

231.

Most Tsunamis are caused by ___________________.

a)

earthquakes

b)

floods

c)

volcanoes

d)

rain

232.

Most Tsunamis occur mostly in the ________________.

a)

Atlantic Ocean

b)

Pacific Ocean

c)

Panama River

d)

Pee Dee River

233.

A tsunami can travel over 1,000 miles.

a)

True

b)

False

234.

A ________________ forms when two of the Earth's plates pull apart.

a)

earthquake

b)

tsunami

c)

volcano

d)

flood

235.

A ___________ is an opening in the Earth's crust where magma erupts to the Earth's surface.

a)

Volcano

b)

canyon

c)

valley

d)

earthquake

236.

Lava is molten ____________ rock once it erupts to the Earth's surface.

a)

cool liquid

b)

warm liquid

c)

frozen liquid

d)

hot liquid

237.

___________________ are formed when lava from a volcano cools.

a)

Metamorphic rock

b)

Sedimentary

rock

c)

Igneous rocks

238.

The 1980 Mount St Helens eruption was the most destructive volcano in __________________.

a)

Japan

b)

Hawaii

c)

US History

239.

Where do most earthquakes and volcanoes happen?

a)

mid-ocean ridges

b)

plate boundaries

c)

in the mantle

d)

rift valley

240.

This is the name for the chain of volcanos around the edge of the Pacific Plate.

a)

March Maddness

b)

Earthquake Alley

c)

Ring of Fire

d)

Circle of Death

241.
Volcanoes are found...
a)
on land
b)
under water
c)
on islands
d)
all of the above
242.

What is the measure of the amount of energy released in an earthquake?

a)

Earthquake

b)

Epicenter

c)

Magnitude

243.

In an earthquake, the point underground where the rocks first begin to move

a)

Epicenter

b)

Normal fault

c)

Focus

d)

Reverse fault

244.
A constructive force is defined as
a)
a natural occurrence that can build up or break down
b)
an earthquake or a volcano
c)
a natural force that builds up and creates new land
d)
a destructive force that has been controlled
245.

The hot spot volcanoes that are the Hawaiian Islands formed through _____________ processes of repeated lava outflows building up layer upon layer until an entire island resulted.

a)

destructive

b)

constructive

246.

Can a process that alters the Earth’s surface be both destructive and constructive, such as earthquakes and volcanic eruptions?

a)

True

b)

False

247.

In the Pacific Ocean, a hot spot slowly releases magma. Over time, this lava stacks and cools on top of each other to create a volcanic island. As the tectonic plate moves over the hot spot, the hot spot is able to produce more magma, which then will stack and cool to make another island. This process will repeat over and over again. Does this scenario describe constructive forces, destructive forces, or both?

a)

Constructive: The hot spot helps create a new island, which builds up the earth's crust

b)

Both: The hot spot creates a volcanic island, but that volcano will erupt and destroy everything around it

c)

Both: The hot spot creates a volcanic island, but destroys other islands in the process

d)

Destructive: The hot spot burns a hole through the plate above it, which destroys the crust.

248.

Over long periods of time, one plate slips underneath another plate, which created a trench. As the one plates slips deeper into the mantle, it begins to melt. Does this scenario describe constructive forces, destructive forces, or both?

a)

Destructive: When seafloor spreading occurs, part of the ocean floor is destroyed.

b)

Constructive: When subduction occurs, new crust can be made.

c)

Both: Seafloor spreading occurs, where old crust is destroyed and new crust is created.

d)

Destructive: When subduction occurs, the bottom plate melts, which destroys the crust.

249.

In the Pacific Ocean, two oceanic plates transform. Energy is released from the plates, causing a massive underwater earthquake. This eventually causes a huge wave to form, which traveled to Japan. When the waves got to Japan, they destroyed everything they touched. Does this scenario describe constructive forces, destructive forces, or both?

a)

Destructive: The underwater earthquake caused the ocean crust to shift and change and the waves destroyed everything in their path

b)

Constructive: The underwater earthquake caused the ocean crust to shift and change and the waves destroyed everything in their path

c)

Destructive: The earthquake caused a tornado that destroyed the coast of Japan

d)

None of the above

250.

After a storm, a giant vortex of wind forms overhead. Eventually, the funnel of wind touches down on the ground. The funnel picks up things like man-made objects and rocks and throws them around, dropping them in new locations. The funnel digs a hole into the ground as it moves through the area as well. Eventually, the funnel dies down and the storm ends. Does this scenario describe constructive forces, destructive forces, or both?

a)

Destructive: The tornado causes weathering to occur when it digs a hole into the crust and erosion to occur when it moves rocks around

b)

Destructive: This describes a tsunami, which causes erosion to occur as it picks up rocks and sediments and moves it somewhere else

c)

Both: The tornado causes erosion by moving the sediments around, which is constructive, and weathering occurs as it breaks down the crust, which is destructive

d)

Constructive: A tornado causes deposition to occur when it picks up the man-made objects and rocks and moves them somewhere else

251.

In Alaska, two continental plates meet each other at a transform boundary. At this plate boundary, plates strike and slip past one another. As this happens, energy is built up between the plates. Eventually, the energy is released in the form of seismic waves, which can sometimes crack the crust nearby. Does this scenario describe constructive forces, destructive forces, or both?

a)

Constructive: An earthquake causes the crust to move upwards and build up the earth

b)

Destructive: An earthquake occurs, so the crust to crack and shift, which destroys the crust

c)

Both: A tsunami causes the crust to shake, but nothing is created or destroyed

d)

Destructive: An earthquake and a tsunami will occur, which means that the crust will crack and shift, and the tsunami wave will cause erosion to occur

252.

Two continental plates move towards one another and collide. Over long periods of time, the plates continue to push against one another. Does this scenario describe constructive forces, destructive forces, or both?

a)

Destructive: When two continental plates collide, a rift valley is made, which destroys part of the earth's crust.

b)

Constructive: When two continental plates collide, a volcano is formed, which can eventually erupt and make new land

c)

Both: When two continental plates collide, a volcanic mountain is made, which can erupt and destroy the area around it, but can also create new land

d)

Constructive: When two continental plates collide, a mountain is created, which builds up the earth

253.

When two oceanic plates move towards one another, they do not collide, but one slips underneath the other. When this happens, the bottom plate melts into magma. Over time, that magma rises, cools, and stacks. When this happens, a chain of volcanic islands can be created. Does this scenario describe constructive forces, destructive forces, or both?

a)

Destructive: Subduction causes the plates to melt into magma and the magma melts everything around it

b)

Both: Subduction melts the plates and destroys it, but then the magma rises and cools to create island arcs

c)

Both: Subduction melts the plates and destroys it, but the magma rises from a hot spot to create islands

d)

Constructive: Magma cools to create volcanic islands