Background

Table 1 shows the deaths caused by 1918 Influenza by sex and race from 1917-1921 whereas, table 2 shows deaths caused by COVID-19 by sex and race until September 18. Recent COVID-19 global  data by CDC also indicates higher COVID-19 case fatality rates among one gender than other. Per the article, the average COVID-19 case-fatality ratio is approximately 2.4 times higher among men than among women, ranging up to 3.5 in some countries. Although, it is unclear why, it is interesting to note that 1918 Influenza’s data also displayed a similar situation.

Question

What are the similarities between 1918-1920 Influenza and COVID-19?

According to Tables 1 and 2 from question 2, influenza mainly targets individuals older adults, and COVID-19 mainly targets tricenarian (ages 30-39) and quadragenarian (ages 40-49).

Background

The 1918-1920 Influenza pandemic killed more than 21 million people, including over 675,000 Americans and more than 2,300 people in Hawai’i. The first few cases seen on Oahu were at the island’s military and naval bases in June 1918, and the first wave of that 1918 pandemic lasted through July and into August. The second wave occurred in December and January. 

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For the COVID-19 pandemic, the first confirmed COVID-19 case was reported on March 6, 2020. The first wave of the pandemic was mainly caused by tourists which led to the shutdown of air and sea travel. The second wave was caused primarily by community spread. As of April 20, 2021, there have been 31,490 cases since the pandemic began.

Question

Which of the following statements is incorrect?

Background

Fig 1 shows the Weekly cases for influenza and COVID-19. Each dot represents the weekly case. As we can see in Fig. 1,the orange dots represented by the 2019-2020 influenza season and the 2018-2019 influenza season (blue dots) were very similar  up until the shelter-in-place order for COVID-19, in which the number of cases for the 2019-2020 influenza season drops down significantly.

Question

Observe the graph below and select all the correct options.

Background

Fig. 1 shows the death rates for the U.S. death registration area and the territory of Hawai’i for 1917-1920. Orange line being the US and the blue line being Hawaii. Fig 2 shows the Influenza deaths rates by month for 1918(blue), 1919 (orange), 1920(green). Fig. 3 and gig 4 represents the daily cases and death per capita for the State of Hawaii compared to the United States. Note that the data collected for the US also includes Hawai’i data. In both graphs, the blue line represents Hawaii and the orange line represents the US.

Question

By observing the given graphs, which of the following statements are true.

Background

Influenza is a viral infection that attacks your respiratory system — your nose, throat and lungs.There are different types of influenza viruses that cause the pandemics : A, B, C and D. Among them, influenza A and B viruses cause seasonal epidemics of disease are the only influenza viruses known to cause flu pandemics.A pandemic can occur when a new and very different influenza A virus emerges that both infects people and has the ability to spread efficiently between people. Influenza A viruses are divided into subtypes based on two proteins on the surface of the virus: hemagglutinin (H) and neuraminidase (N). Instead of subtypes, Influenza B viruses are divided into lineages:Influenza B viruses generally change more slowly in terms of their genetic and antigenic properties than influenza.

Question

By observing the given tables, match the correct pandemic to it’s influenza type and it’s virus. Which of these combinations are correct. If none of these are correct - choose “None of the above”

Background

COVID-19 and Influenzas viruses are both RNA viruses that have mutations. Coronavirus has one large genome and if a cell gets infected with two types of Coronaviruses, the mechanism of getting genetic changes is by exchanging genetic material between two different chromosomes or between different regions within the same chromosome. In Influenza viruses, the RNA genome is segmented with 8 segments. If one cell gets infected with multiple types of Influenza viruses, then two different influenza viruses can mix and match their genome which ends up in a virus that takes some genome virus from the first and other genome segments from the second virus.

Question

The  four tables above show mutation, large genetic and pandemic involved in Coronavirus and Influenza. One of the four tables has all the information correct. Which of the four tables are completely right.