a powerful mayor who wanted to unite all of the Frankish nobles under his rule.

built an empire that spanned from Germany to the northeastern part of Spain in the 8th and 9th centuries.

His name is translated as Charles the Great

Elected pope in AD 1073; issued decree forbidding kings from appointing high-ranking Church officials.

The king who refused to obey Pope Gregory VII's decree about appointing Church officials. He was excommunicated from the Catholic Church.

The capital of Charlemagne's empire

The name of the kingdom that began with the German king Otto I.

The name of the land to the north and home of the Vikings

Steep-sided valleys that are inlets of the sea

a person sent out to teach their religion

to exclude someone from church membership

an agreement between the pope and the ruler of a country

Which mountain range isolated Spain and Portugal from the rest of Europe?

Which group of people today are the descendants of the Celts?

What was the year that a Muslim army invaded and conquered Spain?

Charles Martel led the Franks to victory over the Muslim army at the Battle of Tours. When did this battle take place?

Who was the scholar that Charlemagne asked to start a school in one of the Royal Palaces?

What is the name of the part of western France that was conquered by the Vikings?

The leader of a monastery is called...