is a measure of how well a light source produces visible light. It is the ratio of luminous flux to power, measured in lumens / watt in the International System of Units (SI).

is the total luminous flux incident on a surface, per unit area. It is a measure of how much the incident light illuminates the surface, wavelength-weighted by the luminosity function to correlate with human brightness perception.

In SI units illuminance is measured in lux (lx)

Illuminance Requirements:

Drafting room (high contrast task), classrooms, offices,

factory (low contrast), factory: moderate difficult assembly

Illuminance Requirements:

Drafting room (low contrast tasks), Laboratories, Factory:

difficult assembly

Illuminance Requirements:

Auditorium, bank, hotel corridors & lobbies, hospital

corridors (days)

is a measure of the wavelength-weighted power emitted by a light source in a particular direction per unit solid angle, based on the luminosity function, a standardized model of the sensitivity of the human eye. The SI unit of luminous intensity is the candela (cd), an SI base unit.

is the brightness of an

illuminated or luminous surface as perceived

by the human eye. Unit of measurement is

candelas per square meter (cd/m2).

what is the typical luminance of a flourescent lamp?

what is the typical luminance of a 100 watt incandescent bulb?

preferred ceiling luminance

preferred wall luminance

all-inclusive of an object that provides light

- i.e. lamp shades, chandeliers, desk lamps, etc.

What are the THREE main kinds of light bulb?

makes light by heating a metal filament wire to a high temperature until it glows

Incandescent bulb:

universal use for home lighting

Incandescent bulb:

Ornamental lighting and some flood lights

incandescent bulb:

-standard for streetcar and locomotive headlights

Incandescent bulb:

use mostly for small appliances and indicator lamps

incandescent Bulb:

-decorative interior lighting

Incandescent Bulb:

-showcase and appliance lighting

Incandescent Bulb

Incandescent Bulb:

-lower wattage lamp

Incandescent Bulb:

-for substitution of incandescent R lamps

Incandescent Bulb:

-used in spotlights and floodlights reflectors

Incandescent Bulb

gas-discharge lamp that uses electricity to excite mercury vapor. The excited mercury atoms produce short-wave ultraviolet light that then causes a phosphor to fluoresce, producing visible light.

special type of Incandescent Bulb

time delay switch; allows the current to flow to the other end of the lamp

Flourescent Lamp:

manual starter preheats the electrode for a few seconds before the electrode is charged with a higher voltage bi pin cathodes

Flourescent Lamp:

no starter ballast starts with a low electricity light fixture often comes in pairs glows dimly single-pin cathodes

Flourescent Lamp:

no starter ballast starts with a low electricity light fixture often comes in pairs bi-pin/ single-pin cathodes

Fluorescent Lamp:

Fluorescent Lamp:

Fluorescent Lamp:

Fluorescent Lamp:

lamps have more red and orange light, and are marketed towards use in residential and other areas

desiring light similar to what is produced by incandescent lighting. Grocery stores will sometimes use these lamps only in the meat and bakery departments to improve the look of these

products

"normal" fluorescent lamp color, with more green in the produced light

lamps have a blue tint and are supposed to mimic the color of light reflected from a clear sky. These tend to have a "cold" appearance

are a family of gas-discharge arc lamps which create light by sending an electrical discharge between two electrodes and through a plasma, or ionized gas.

a sustained electric current passing from one solid electrical conductor, or electrode, to another through air or some other gas.

HID:

• Oldest type of HID

• Used for street lighting

• high luminous efficacy (2 to 3

times that of general-service

incandescent lamps)

(50lm/W)

HID:

uses sodium in an excited state to produce light

Sodium Lights:

sodium under high pressure

(smaller in size, includes mercury)

Sodium Lights:

sodium under lower pressure

(bigger in size, uses argon)emit a softer luminous glow,

resulting in less glare unlike mercury lamps, does not decline in lumen quality throughtime

HID:

is an electrical lamp that produces light by an electric arc through a gaseous mixture of vaporized mercury and metal halides

they don't have a filament that will burn out, and they don't get especially hot.

They are illuminated solely by the movement of electrons in a

semiconductor material.

Operating Characteristics:

defines the decreasing light

output as the lamp ages

Operating Characteristics:

defines light output per unit of power input

Operating Characteristics:

defines average lamp life expectancy.

Operating Characteristics:

defines how lamps display the

colours of objects

Operating Characteristics:

defines how

lamps respond to extremes in their operating conditions.

-GE Lighting

rate of efficiency of a certain type of bulb Expressed in lumens/watt

Luminous Efficacy of Tungsten Incandescent Light Bulb

Luminous Efficacy of Halogen Lamp

Luminous Efficacy of fluorescent Lamp

Luminous Efficacy of LED lamp

Luminous Efficacy of High-Pressure Sodium Vapor Lamp

Luminous Efficacy of Metal Halide Lamp

Luminous Efficacy of Low-Pressure Sodium Vapor Lamp

Luminous Efficacy of Mercury Vapor Lamps

TYPES OF FLUORESCENT

LAMPS

SPECIAL SHAPES OF FLUORESCENT BULBS

HIGH INTENSITY

DISCHARGE LAMPS

Sodium Lamps

Light Fixtures

Reflectors

PRINCIPLES OF LIGHTING CONTROL:

a.k.a. “Switching”, the convenience of the mechanism of turning the lights off; thereby saving energy

PRINCIPLE OF LIGHTING CONTROL:

a.k.a “Dimming”, the mechanism of

controlling the levels of light output by controlling the power input

into the lighting system.

TYPES OF CONTROL SYSTEMS:

– The dimmer switch “memorizes” exact levels

of light output into scenes; the scene is recalled and the lights readjust accordingly.

TYPES OF CONTROL SYSTEMS:

Groups of lights are switched together to be

connected to the same relay. Many relays are located together in a panel, usually next to the circuit breaker panel. This system allows for operating lighting systems in different floor levels without having to be in that particular level. Relay systems are best for large facilities with big rooms that do not require dimming, such as schools, laboratories, factories, and convention centers.

Energy Management Systems:

-lighting control systems that are

automatically controlled at pre-set periods of time.

Energy Management Systems:

lighting control systems that detect the presence of people

and respond by automatically turning lights on.

CONTROL DEVICES

-mechanical devices that open and close electrical

contacts in the power circuit directly feeding the lights.

CONTROL DEVICES

are control devices that vary the light level by

controlling the power being input into the light system; are

sometimes incorporated with switches

• Rotary dimmer

• Slide dimmer

• Dimmer-Switch

Note: Dimmers for fluorescent lights require dimming ballasts

CONTROL DEVICES

automatic switches that turn lights on when

motion is detected and leave them on until some designated time

after the last motion occurs. Motion sensors save energy and add

convenience

.

CONTROL DEVICES

electromechanical clock that opens and closes a

circuit at specific times each day

CONTROL DEVICES

switches that turns lights off automatically after a certain

period

CONTROL DEVICES

detects the ambient light levels in a space and

when it is generally low, opens the circuit to the artificial lighting

source and turns it on; used for basic dusk-to-dawn lighting

controls.

LIGHTING SYSTEM:

90% to 100% of the Light

output of the luminaire is

directed to the ceiling and

upper walls of the room

LIGHTING SYSTEM:

60 to 90% of light is directed

upward to the ceilings and the

upper walls

LIGHTING SYSTEM:

This type of lighting system provides

equal distribution of light upward and

downlight resulting in a bright ceiling

and upperwall background for the

luminaire

LIGHTING SYSTEM:

60-90 % of the luminaire output is

directed downward and the

remaining upward component

serves to illuminate the ceiling

Ex. Surface mounted circular fluorescent with

acrylic diffuser

LIGHTING SYSTEM:

90 – 100% of all the light is

directed downward ceiling

illumination is entirely

due to light reflected from

the floor and room finishing

Lighting from sources which are

shielded by a panel parallel to the wall

and attached to the ceiling or to the

upper edge of the wall and which

distribute light over the wall.

indirect lighting built into ledges, directs light up towards the

ceiling and down adjacent walls. It may be used as primary

lighting, or for aesthetic accent, especially to highlight decorative ceilings.

Cove lighting is valued because it hides the fixtures, and because it provides a very even, warm light.

 is generally the downward lighting of a wall, vertical surface, or object from the ceiling (or other horizontal plane) above. (This contrasts with cove lighting, which is the upward lighting of a ceiling from below.)

A method of indirect lighting, by concealing the fixture behind a suspended valance, whereby the light can be directed upward or downward..

is a method of lighting where light

fixtures are attached anywhere on a continuous track

device which contains electrical conductors. This is as

opposed to the routing of electrical wiring to individual

light positions.

A light fixture that is suspended from the ceiling with only a single light bulb incorporated into its fixture.

is a branched decorative ceiling-mounted light

fixture with two or more arms bearing lights.

Chandeliers are often ornate, containing dozens of lamps and complex arrays of glass or crystal prisms to illuminate a room with refracted light

A lamp used to illuminate a desk.

is a tall electric light which stands on the floor in a living room.

GENERAL LIGHTING TECHNIQUES:

-increase apparent length,

direct traffic flow, decrease direct glare

GENERAL LIGHTING TECHNIQUES:

create a plane, increase apparent width

but also increase direct glare

GENERAL LIGHTING TECHNIQUES:

is architecturally dominant and

therefore, must be used carefully. It is a poor choice in

stores where attention downward is desired.

GENERAL LIGHTING TECHNIQUES:

minimize shadows and break rectangular

Patterns. They are architecturally dominant.

GENERAL LIGHTING TECHNIQUES:

system using louvers or translucent

material suspended beneath rows of fluorescent lamps

provide high illumination, low brightness and high

diffusion

GENERAL LIGHTING TECHNIQUES:

-are luminous ceiling borders. In large rooms suspended coves

achieve uniform ceiling brightness and when designed

with a downward component or combined with local

lighting will give a pleasant intimate atmosphere

GENERAL LIGHTING TECHNIQUES:

-create a decorative architectural effect and can be designed to resemble skylights or can be built into Actual skylights

GENERAL LIGHTING TECHNIQUES:

are architecturally neutral and therefore be spaced evenly……..or unevenly

intensity of illumination:

For casual work, as in conferencing, interviewing and inactive filing –

intensity of illumination:

For moderate work, as in intermittent filing and general clerical work –

intensity of illumination:

For prolonged work, as in active filing, index referencing and mailsorting

Intensity of illumination:

For precision work, as in accounting, auditing, tabulating,

bookkeeping, business machine operation, reading poor reproductions

and rough layout drafting

intensity of illumination:

For fine precision work, as in cartography, designing and detail

drafting

QUALITY IF LIGHT:

Freedom from variations of illuminations in a room or space. Absolute

uniformity signifies same intensity throughout and it is not always

practicable to attain. A deviation of 25% from the average intensity

cannot be detected by the eye, an is considered an acceptable

maximum.

QUALITY IF LIGHT

Refers to the number of directions and angles from which illuminating

rays proceed. Good diffusion is obtained when the light falls upon a

matte or satin surface from a variety of directions thus eliminating

shadows and streaks of brilliancy. Poor diffusion results from

illumination from one direction only thus causing visual confusion

because of distorted highlights and shadows.

QUALITY IF LIGHT

The effect of brightness in the field of vision which causes annoyance

or discomfort.

GLARE:

The effect of brightness in the field of vision which causes annoyance

or discomfort.

GLARE:

Glare caused by reflection of a light source

Loss of light when light rays strike or traverses any medium

Ratio of light absorbed by

a material to the light falling upon.

A beam of light is reflected diffusely, that is, its ray is scattered in all

directions, if it strikes a rough or matte surface.

A beam of light is specularly reflected when a light ray striking a shiny

or glossy surface at an angle of incident is reflected as the same beam

with equal angle of reflection.

Also called “reflection factor”, the ratio of light reflected by a surface to

the light falling upon it.

The passage of light through a medium when light falls upon a

transparent material. It is “refracted” (bent) as it passes through the

material but emerges at the same angle that it entered

transmission when light rays are

spread or scattered in all directions when passing through a

translucent material, such as plastic.

Also called “transmission factor”, the ration of light transmitted to light

striking the surface

Directional lighting to emphasize a space or an object.

Fixture producing concentrated direct lighting from a single bulb, may be recessed in or mounted in ceiling.

Term often applied to a can-type of recessed incandescent downlight.

Recessed or semi-recessed lighting unit with a rotation spherical

element that may be turned to project light in any direction

Tubular fluorescent lamp with a disc base at each end.

A false ceiling of diffused material with light sources mounted above.

Device which changes either amount or color, or both, of light passing

through it.

Also called “rayostat”, Device to control the amount of light by

reducing the voltage or the current.

Electric component consists of conducting plates insulated from each

other by a layer of dielectric material; introduces capacitance into a

circuit.

the quantitative measure of the electric-energy

storage capability of a capacitor; usually measured in farads or

microfarads

To supply appropriate lighting characteristics to a given environment in

an efficient manner.

Primarily consists of lamps, ballasts and luminaires.

Other aspects of design which lighting system interacts such as

fenestration, surface treatments, and control system.

Supplies the proper electrical characteristics to start and operate a

lamp, dictates flicker