Kingdom,domain ,Phylum,Class,Order,FamilyGenus,Species

Domain,Kingdom,Phylum,Class,Order,FamilyGenus,Species

phylum kingdom domain class family order genus species

type of symbiotic relationship in which one organism benefits and the other is harmed.

7th Grade Study Guide -- Final Exam

 (Study your study guide, tests, quizzes, notes, worksheets, and STEMscopes notes!)

Section 1 -- Unit 5: Ecosystems: Interactions, Energy, and Dynamics

1. What is taxonomy?  Who is credited with discovering taxonomy?

 The Branch of biology that classifies all living things, Carl Linnaeus

2. What are the 8 categories of classification in order?

 Domain,Kingdom,Phylum,Class,Order,FamilyGenus,Species

3. What are the 6 kingdoms?

  Eukaryote: Fungi,Animalia,Protists,Plantae

Prokaryote: Bacteria,ArchaeBacteria

4. What key factor determines if something is in the phylum Chordata?

 A key factor that determines if something is in the phylum chordata is if they have a backbone or not

5. What is binomial nomenclature?  How would we use it to describe organisms? 

 Binomial Nomenclature is using two terms to indicate the genus and species of an organism A way to describe it for humans is Homo sapiens, Sometimes italicized, or underlined

6. What is the genus and species for humans and how is it written?

  Homo is the genus and sapiens is the species

7. What is a dichotomous key and how is it used?

  A key for the identification of organisms based on a series of choices between alternate characters. It is used by slowly dividing the species into groups until you get a certain species.

8. Compare and contrast biotic and abiotic.

  Biotic is the living parts of an environment such as plants, animals and micro-organisms, abiotic is a nonliving condition or thing, as climate or habitat that influences or affects an ecosystem and the organisms in it. They could live in the same environment

9. Compare and contrast limiting factors and scarcity.

  Limiting factors are environmental conditions that limit the growth, abundance, or distribution of an organism or a population of organisms in an ecosystem. Scarcity refers to a gap between limited resources and theoretically limitless wants. They both limit the resources you can get.

10.  Compare and contrast population and community.

  Population is the number of organisms of the same species that live in a particular geographic area at the same time. Community is an interacting group of various species in a common location.  They all have species in their environment.

Please fill in vocabulary words.

Resource— A substance or object in the environment required by an organism for normal growth, maintenance, and reproduction

Organism--any individual living thing that can react to stimuli, reproduce, grow, and maintain homeostasis

Population— the number of organisms of the same species that live in a particular geographic area at the same time

Community– An interacting group of various species in a common location 

Ecosystem— A system that includes all living organisms (biotic factors)  in an area as well as its physical environment (abiotic factors)  functioning together as a unit

Biotic–  The living parts of an environment, such as plants, animals and micro-organisms

Abiotic— A nonliving condition or thing, as climate or habitat that influences or affect an ecosystem and organisms in it

Scarcity--   refers to a gap between limited resources and theoretically limitless wants

environmental conditions that limit the growth, abundance, or distribution of an organism or a population of organisms and in an ecosystem 

Invertebrates– Multicellular animals that do not have a backbone 

Chordates— Belonging or pertaining to the phylum Chordata, comprising the true vertebrates and those having a notochord 

dichotomous key– A key for the identification of organisms based on a series of choices between alternate characters 

Domain— Domain is the highest taxonomic rank in the hierarchical  biological classification

Kingdom– A taxonomic category grouping together all forms of life having certain fundamental characteristics in common: in the six kingdom classification scheme adopted by many biologists, separate kingdoms are assigned to animals, plants, fungi, protists, bacteria, and archeabacteria

Phylum— Is a level of classification for taxonomic rank below Kingdom and above class 

Class– A taxonomic group Comprised of organisms that share a common attribute. It is further divided into one or more orders 

Order— A taxonomic rank used in the classification of organisms recognized by the nomenclature; sitting in between class and family 

Family– One of the eight major taxonomic ranks; it is classified between order and genius. A family may be divided into subfamilies, which are intermediate ranks above the rank of genus 

Genus– A taxonomic category ranking used in biological classification that is below a family and above a species level, and includes groups of species that are structurally similar   

Species--Group of Closely-related organisms that are very similar to each other and are usually capable of interbreeding and producing fertile offspring 

Taxonomy— Taxonomy— The branch of biology that classifies all living things 

Section 2 -- Unit 6:  Heredity and Evolution

1.    What is a trait?  Compare and contrast recessive and dominant traits.

 A trait is any genetically determined characteristic. A recessive trait is a trait that is covered over, or dominated, by another form of that traut and seems to disappear. A dominant trait is a trait that covers over, or dominates, another form of that trait. They both are in comparison because they are still traits and show.

2.    Describe Punnett Squares and how to use them. Provide two examples using different genotypes.  (You will need to know how to complete a 2 x 2 Punnett square)

 A punnett square is a tool to predict the probability of certain traits in offspring that shows the different ways alleles can combine. We use them by figuring out the organism trait type (heterozygous, homozygous etc.) or genotype and put it on the square and find the probability of the outcomes.  AA or Aa

3.      Compare and contrast genotypes and phenotypes. 

  Genotypes are the dominant and recessive alleles, and the phenotypes are the traits of the organism. They are both used in a punnett square.

4.    Compare and contrast heterozygous and homozygous.  Name the three genotype combinations and what is the resulting phenotype.

  Homozygous is an organism with two alleles that are the same for a trait. Heterozygous is an organism with two different alleles for a trait.

They both are either dominant or recessive. 

GG= dominant trait         Gg= dominant trait

gg= recessive trait

5.    Compare and contrast meiosis and mitosis.

 Meiosis is a reproductive process that produces four haploid sex cells from one diploid cell and ensures offspring will have the same number of chromosomes as te parent organism. Mitosis is a cell process in which the nucleus divides to form two nuclei identical to each other, and identical to the original nucleus, in a series of steps (prophase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase). They both divide to share similarities. 

6.    What is a mutation?  Explain the different types of mutations.

 A mutation is any permanent change in a gene or chromosome of a cell, may be beneficial, harmful or have little effect on an organism. The different types of mutation are good, bad, neutral. 

7.    Explain evolution and natural selection.

  Evolution is a change in inherited characteristics over time. Natural Selection is a process by which organisms with traits best suited to their environment are more likely to survive and reproduce; includes concepts of variation, overproduction, and competition.

8.    What are adaptation and speciation?

 Adaptation is any variation that makes an organism better suited to its environment. Speciation is the formation of new and distinct species in the course of evolution.

Please fill in vocabulary words.

Gene— section of DNA on a chromosome that contains instructions for making specific proteins

Mutation— any permanent change in a gene or chromosome of a cell, may be beneficial, harmful or have little effect on an organism. 

Chromosome— structure in a cell's nucleus that contains hereditary material.

Amino acids— building block of protein

Nucleic acids— Nucleic acids— the chemical name for the molecules RNA and DNA; the building blocks of living organisms.

DNA— deoxyribonucleic acid; the genetic material of all  organisms; made up of two twisted strands of sugar-phosphate molecules and nitrogen bases. 

RNA— ribonucleic acid; a type of nucleic acid that carries codes for making proteins from the nucleus to the ribosomes.

Chromatin– the material of which the chromosomes of organisms other than bacteria (i.e., eukaryotes) are composed. It consists of protein, RNA, and DNA.

Double helix— Double helix— shape of the DNA Molecule 

Asexual reproduction— a type of reproduction – fission, budding, and regeneration— in which a new organism is produced from one organism and has DNA identical to the parent organism.

Sexual reproduction— a type of reproduction in which two reproductive cells join to form a zygote, which will develop into a new organism with a unique identity. 

Punnett square— is a tool to predict the probability of certain traits in offspring that shows the different ways alleles can combine.

Probability— Probability— likely outcome of a genetic cross

Purebred– means that an organism must be homozygous for every trait; that is, the pairs of alleles that express a given trait are the same.

Hybrid— an offspring that was given different genetic information for a trait from each parent.

Dominant—  is a trait that covers over, or dominates, another form of that trait.

Recessive—  a trait that is covered over, or dominated, by another form of that traut and seems to disappear.

Allele— an alternate form that a gene may have for a single trait; can be dominant or recessive.

Gamete— a reproductive cell containing only one set of dissimilar chromosomes, or half the genetic material necessary to form a complete organism. (i. e., haploid)

Trait–  is any genetically determined characteristic.

Homozygous— an organism with two alleles that are the same for a trait.  

Heterozygous— an organism with two different alleles for a trait.

Meiosis— a reproductive process that produces four haploid sex cells from one diploid cell and ensures offspring will have the same number of chromosomes as the parent organism.

Mitosis— Mitosis is a cell process in which the nucleus divides to form two nuclei identical to each other, and identical to the original nucleus, in a series of steps (prophase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase).

Homologous structures— An example of an organ or bone that appears in different animals, underlining anatomical commonalities demonstrating descent from a common ancestor. In other words, it's when very different animals have bones that appear very similar in form or function and seem to be related. 

Phylogenetic tree of life– a branching diagram or “tree” showing the evolutionary relationships among various biological species

Natural selection— a process by which organisms with traits best suited to their environment are more likely to survive and reproduce; includes concepts of variation, overproduction, and competition.

Evolution—  Evolution is a change in inherited characteristics over time. 

Adaptation— Adaptation is any variation that makes an organism better suited to its environment. 

Gene flow– Also called Gene migration, the introduction of genetic material (by interbreeding) from one population of a species to another, thereby changing the composition of the gene pool of the receiving population.

Speciation— Speciation is the formation of new and distinct species in the course of evolution.

Extinction– The termination of an organism or of a group of organisms, usually a species. 

Artificial selection— The breeding of plants and animals to produce desirable traits. 

Genetics— The study of how traits are inherited through the actions of alleles. 

Ethics— Known as bioethics moral decision-making, that deals with the problems of biology. 

Cloning– The creation of a copy of a cell or of an entire living thing. 

Genetic engineering— Biological and chemical methods to change the arrangement of a Gene's DNA to improve Crop Production, produce large volumes of medicine, and change how cells perform their normal functions. 

Section 3 – Unit 8: Ecosystems/Food Webs –

1.     What are ecosystems?  What are the different parts of an ecosystem?

 All the living organisms that live in an area, the nonliving features of their environment. There's rocks, trees, water, etc.

2.    What is a predation?  What is a predator and prey?

 The ecological process by which energy is transferred from living animal to living animal based on the behavior of a predator that captures and kills a prey before eating it. Predator is a consumer that captures and eats other consumers. Prey is the organism that is captured by the predator.

3.    What is symbiosis?  Mutualism?

 Any close relationship between species, including mutualism, commensalism, and parasitism. Mutualism is a type of symbiotic relationship in which both organisms benefit.

4.    Explain parasitism.

 Parasitism is a type of symbiotic relationship in which one organism benefits and the other is harmed.

5.    What is a biome?  List and describe the major types of biomes.

 A biome is a large geographic area that have similar climates and ecosystems. Tundra-cold and dry, Taiga- cold, forest, Themperate Deciduous Forest- four distinct seasons, Temperate Rainforest- cool, wet regions, Tropical RainForest- regions with warm temp., Desert- the driest biome on earth, Grasslands- temperate and tropical regions. 

6.    Compare and contrast food chains and food webs.

 Both have animals inside, and show how each animals gets energy from each animal. Food chains is ike barely any animals, food webs have a whole ecosystem.

7.    Explain producers, consumers, and decomposers.  (Be sure to include primary, secondary, and tertiary) Producers get eaten by consumers(primary), consumers get eaten from other consumers(secondary)and then Tertiary consumer, then they die and decomposers break them down which helps the environment. 

8.    Explain how energy flows through an ecosystem.  (Understand the 10% rule)

 It comes from the sun then to producer then to consumer(primary) then to secondary consumer, then to tertiary consumer but the energy goes down through each organism.

9.    Explain the carbon cycle.

 Model describing how carbon molecules move between the living and nonliving world.

10. Explain the nitrogen cycle.

 Model describing how nitrogen moves from the atmosphere to the soil, to living organisms, and then back to the atmosphere. Nitrofication.

Please fill in Vocabulary.

Ecosystem— All the living organisms that live in an area, the nonliving features of their environment.

Niche— in an ecosystem, refers to the unique ways an organism survives, obtains food and shelter, and avoids danger.

Producers— organisms, such as a green plant or algae, that use an outside source of energy -rich food molecules.

Consumers— organisms that cannot create-rich molecules bot obtains its food by eating other organisms.

Decomposers— consume wastes and dead organisms. Include: fungi, bacteria, and earthworms

limiting factors— anything that can restrict the size of population, including living and nonliving features of an ecosystem, such as predators or drought.

food webs— models that shows the complex feeding relationships among organisms in a community.

carbon cycle— Model describing how carbon molecules move between the living and nonliving world.

nitrogen cycle— Model describing how nitrogen moves from the atmosphere to the soil, to living organisms, and then back to the atmosphere.

water cycle— model describing how water moves from earth's surface to the atmosphere and back to the surface again through evaporation, condensation, and precipitation.

Aquatic— growing or living in water.

Terrestrial— growing or living on land.

Biotic— features of the environment that are alive or were once alive.

Abiotic— Nonliving, physical features of the environment, including air, water, sunlight, soil, temperature, and climate.

Predation— The ecological process by which energy is transferred from living animal to living animal based on the behavior of a predator that captures and kills a prey before eating it.

Competition— Occurs when two or more organisms seek the same resource at the same time. 

Parasitism— a type of symbiotic relationship in which one organism benefits and the other is harmed.

Symbiosis—  Any close relationship between species, including mutualism, commensalism, and parasitism.

Commensalism— A type of symbiotic relationship in which one organism benefits and the other is not affected. 

Mutualism— a type of symbiotic relationship in which both organisms benefit.

Predators— a consumer that captures and eats other consumers. 

Prey— the organism that is captured by the predator.

Biomes— a large geographic area that have similar climates and ecosystems. Includes  Tundra, Taiga, Temperate Deciduous Forest, Temperate Rain Forest, Tropical Rain Forest,Desert, Grasslands

Tundra— cold, dry, treeless region; sometimes called a cold desert.

Taiga— Cold, Forest region dominated by cone-bearing evergreen trees. 

Temperate Deciduous Forest— Temperate region usually have four distinct seasons each year.  found east of the Mississippi river in the US 

Temperate Rain Forest— Cool, wet regions dominated by needle like trees. Found in New Zealand, southern Chile, and the Pacific Northwest of the U.S.

Tropical Rain Forest— Regions with warm temperatures and wet weather. Found along the Equator. 

Desert— The driest biome on Earth. This biome receives very little rain and is covered with sandy or gravelly soil. 

Grasslands— Temperate and tropical regions that have a rainy and dry season each year. This dry season prevents the growth of trees in this region. 

the formation of new and distinct species in the course of evolution.

 A key for the identification of organisms based on a series of choices between alternate characters. It is used by slowly dividing the species into groups until you get a certain species.

environmental conditions that limit the growth, abundance, or distribution of an organism or a population of organisms in an ecosystem. Scarcity refers to a gap between limited resources and theoretically limitless wants. They both limit the resources you can get.

house key to unlock your door

 A square for the identification of organisms based on a series of choices between alternate characters. It is used by slowly dividing the species into groups until you get a certain species.

false

true

true

false

true

false

false

true

the branch of biology that classifies all living things, Jake from statefarm

branch of biology that classifies genes, Fr. Gregor Mendel

taxes you, Elon musk

 the branch of biology that classifies all living things, Carl Linnaeus

20trons

40 ounces

15 liters

1 nanogram

y= mx+b

6CO₂ + 6H₂O → C₆H₁₂O₆ + 6O₂

True

False