SHALLOW FOUNDATIONS:

are spread footings supporting free

standing columns and piers.

SHALLOW FOUNDATIONS:

are the continuous spread footings of foundation walls.

SHALLOW FOUNDATIONS:

are strip footings that change levels to accommodate a

sloping grade and maintain the required depth at all points around a building.

SHALLOW FOUNDATIONS:

supporting two or more columns. This type of

footing is used where it is not possible to center the footing beneath its supported column as in the case of columns located at or very near the property line. In such case, the nearest interior column is selected and a combined footing constructed under both columns.

SHALLOW FOUNDATIONS:

This type of footing may be used in place of a

combined footing under the same conditions. In this type of

construction, the footings of the exterior and interior columns are connected by a tie-beam or strap

which is so extended to support the exterior column. The top of the beam or strap is usually placed level with the top of the footings.

SHALLOW FOUNDATIONS:

These may be:

1. supporting a line of columns

2. supporting all of the columns

by strips at right angles to each

other.

SHALLOW FOUNDATIONS:

like continuous footings are used on soil of low bearing

power where there is a tendency towards unequal settlement due to unequal loading of soil. In this type of foundation all parts of the foundation are so tied

together so that they will act as one and assist each other in keeping level and plumb.

are employed when the soil underlying a shallow

foundation is unstable or of inadequate soil bearing capacity. They extend down through unsuitable soil to transfer building loads to a more appropriate bearing stratum of rock or dense sand and gravel well below the superstructure. The types of deep foundations are pile and caisson

foundations.

DEEP FOUNDATIONS:

is a system of end bearing or

friction piles, pile caps, and tie beams for

transferring building loads down to a suitable bearing

stratum

DEEP FOUNDATIONS:

depend principally on the bearing resistance of soil

or rock beneath their feet for support. The surrounding soil mass provides a degree of lateral stability for the long compression member.

DEEP FOUNDATIONS:

depend principally on the frictional resistance of a

surrounding earth mass for support. The skin friction developed between the sides of a pile and the soil into which the pile is driven is limited by the adhesion of soil to the pile sides and the shear strength of the surrounding

soil mass.

DEEP FOUNDATIONS:

When it is required to build upon a compressible

soil saturated with water and of considerable depth, the most practicable method of obtaining a solid and enduring foundation for buildings of moderate height

DEEP FOUNDATIONS:

These are usually moulded in a yard or at the site allowed to cure for 4 weeks before using. In driving, a pre-cast

pile is provided with a cast-iron point, and a driving head is used in which a cushion of sand, rope or other material is placed between a driving block of wood and the concrete in order to prevent the crushing of the pile

DEEP FOUNDATIONS:

piles are constructed in the ground in

the position they are to occupy, and are often reinforced. Practically all cast in place piles are covered by patents.

DEEP FOUNDATIONS:

These are concretefilled steel pipes which are made to bear on rock or hard pan. The pipes are generally 10 to 18 inches in diameter, having a thickness of 3/8 to 5/8 inches.

The pipe is driven in sections with a steam-hammer and, as additional sections are required, these are attached to the

driven section by means of a cast-iron or steel internal sleeve and re-driven.

DEEP FOUNDATIONS:

These are combination timber and concrete or

steel and concrete piles. They may be composed

of timber piles with concrete coatings held

in position by steel reinforcements in the

shape of expanded metal or wire netting.

The latter are to be considered as timber,

rather than concrete, piles.

DEEP FOUNDATIONS:

are cast-in-place, plain or reinforced concrete piers formed by boring with a large auger or excavating by hand a shaft in the earth to a suitable bearing stratum and filling the shaft with concrete. For this reason they are also referred to as drilled piles or piers.

provide support for the superstructure above and enclose a basement wall or crawl

space partly or wholly below grade. In addition to the vertical loads from the

superstructure, foundation walls must be designed and constructed to resist

active earth pressure and anchor the superstructure against wind and seismic forces.

TYPES OF RC COLUMNS:

These are columns with longitudinal bars and lateral

ties. The ratio of the effective cross-sectional area of vertical

reinforcement to the gross column area should not be less than 1% nor more than 8%, and should consist of at least 4 bars of a minimum size of #5.

 covering of concrete, cast monolithically with the

core, of at least 1-1/2” (38 mm) thickness.

TYPES OF RC COLUMNS:

These are columns with longitudinal bars and closely

spaced continuous spiral hooping. For this columns, the ratio of the area of the vertical reinforcement to the gross column area shall not less than 1% nor more than 8%. The minimum number of bars shall 6, and the minimum bar size shall #5.

TYPES OF RC COLUMNS:

where structural steel columns are embedded

into the concrete core of a spiral column.

TYPES OF RC COLUMNS:

where structural steel is encased in concrete of

at least 7 cm thick, reinforced with wire mess surrounding the column at a distance of 3 cm inside the outer face of the concrete cover

TYPES OF RC COLUMNS:

are fabricated steel pipes provided with flat steel

plates which holds a girder or girt, and is filled with grout or concrete to prevent corrosion.

These are beams having a single span with a support

at each end, there being no restraint at the supports

These are beams that are supported at one end

only, or they may be that portion of beams projecting beyond one of its

supports.

These are beams resting on more than two

supports. The term “semi-continuous” is also frequently used in reinforced-concrete. It refers to a beam having two spans with little or no restraint at the two extreme ends of the beam. The end span of a continuous beam, where little or restraint is provided at the end support,

is referred to as a semi-continuous beam

When a reinforced concrete floor slab and its supporting

beam (or girder) are built at the same time and thoroughly tied together, a part of the slab may be considered to act with upper part of the beam in compression

These are beams with reinforcement in the compression as

well as the tension side of the beam, In this type of beam

no bent up bars are required. Beams with compression reinforcement are used when the cross-sectional dimensions of the beam are limited by architectural or structural conditions so that there is an insufficient concrete area for the compressive stresses.

The tensile

reinforcement is located at top of the

beam and inverted U-stirrups are

provided.

These are double reinforced beams used for long

spans. In order to reduce the dead

load (the weight of the beam) it is

hollowed in the center of the section.

Diaphragms are provided at intervals

throughout the length of the beam.

Short beam extensions from columns

used to support rafters or trusses.

A wall on which either floor or roof construction

rests

The enclosing wall of an iron or steel framework

or the non-bearing portion of an enclosing wall between piers.

That portion of an enclosing wall below the

first tier of joists.

A subsurface wall built to resist the lateral

pressure of internal loads

The space between any arch and the beam

over the same; or an exterior non-bearing wall in skeleton construction built between columns or piers and wholly supported at each story

are exterior non-load bearing walls whose outer surface

may or may not form the exterior facing of the building and whose interior surface may or may not form the interior finish. It may rest on the building structure or may be hung from the structure.

Masonry panel walls:

are natural or artificial stone slabs which are

anchored to the building structure by masonry anchors.

Masonry panel walls:

are ordinary reinforced or pre

stressed concrete wall units which may span one floor or several floors.

Panel curtain walls

Panel curtain walls:

Transparent glass and frame incorporated in

panel curtain wall.

Panel curtain walls:

Panel made up of one material.

Panel curtain walls:

Panel made up of assembly of several

materials.

Panel curtain walls:

Preassembly of several panels of any type. Units may be

one or several stories high.

Sandwich type panel:

Sandwich panel with top and bottom edges

closed.

Sandwich type panel:

Sandwich panel in which all edges of

panel are closed except for weep holes and vents.

PANEL CURTAIN WALL:

Refers to the method of installation where the mullions and

horizontal rails (gutter section and window sill section) are installed first before installation of the window and wall panels.

PANEL CURTAIN WALL:

Supports (mullions) are clearly expressed.

Vertical lines dominant. Mullions are generally 4’ – 4” max.; height, 8’ – 0” maximum.

PANEL CURTAIN WALL:

Supports (vertical and horizontal

members) clearly expressed. Vertical and horizontal lines equally dominant. Area between support members, 32 sq. ft. maximum. Width of panels, 4’ – 4” max.; height, 8’ – 0” max.

PANEL CURTAIN WALL:

Supports not expressed. Non-lineal pattern. Joints vertical and horizontal usually without trim. Individual panel size: max. width, 3’ – 10”; max. height, 8’ – 0”.

PANEL CURTAIN WALL:

Supports are not a primary element of expression in this type of wall. Horizontal lines are dominant and the length of spandrel unlimited. Width of interlocking panels is 4’ – 4” maximum; height is 8’ – 0” maximum.

PANEL CURTAIN WALL:

Supports not expressed. Non-lineal

pattern. Joints vertical. Panel size: width, approx. 4’; height, 60’ max.

PANEL CURTAIN WALL:

is a wall whose purpose is to resist the thrust of a

bank of earth or other material.

Retaining walls :

This is a type of wall which is constructed of such

proportions that its weight alone resists the thrust of the earth. Low walls are invariably gravity walls constructed of brick, stone masonry or

concrete

Retaining walls :

is constructed of reinforced concrete

and makes use of the weight of the earth in resisting the tendency to overturn at the outer edge.

Retaining walls :

It is similar to the cantilever wall with the exception

that the vertical wall is tied to the base at regular intervals with triangular

shaped walls called counterforts

PRESTRESS CONCRETE :

In this method the

reinforcing steel is first prestressed and then the concrete is poured.

PRESTRESS CONCRETE :

In this method, tubes, conduits, or channels are inserted in the concrete where reinforcing steel is required. After the concrete is adequately cured, steel reinforcement is inserted in the tubes or channels, stretched to the

proper tension, and anchored at the ends to put a squeeze on the beam. Tensioning is done with hydraulic jacks.

Types of Precast Concrete Floor Units :

Types of Precast Concrete Floor Units :

Types of Precast Concrete Floor Units :

Types of Precast Concrete Floor Units :

Types of Precast Concrete Floor Units :