_____ that follow from an understanding and

knowledge of organisational behaviour and the ability to deal effectively with

others in an organisational setting.

____ and the fulfilment gained from understanding our fellow

humans. Understanding others may also lead to greater self-knowledge and

self-insight.

_____ about people in work settings, for example the

identification of major dimensions of leadership leading to the design

leadership training programmes in organisations.

____ approach has its main emphasis on the individuals of which

the organisation is comprised.

____ approach has a broader emphasis on human behaviour in

society.

___ are more concerned with the science of humankind and the

study of human behaviour as a whole.

The ______ is a central feature of organisational behaviour, whether acting

in isolation or as part of a group, in response to expectations of the

organisation, or as a result of the influences of the external environment.

____ exist in all organisations and are essential to their working and

performance.

Structure is created to establish relationships between individuals and groups,

to provide order and systems and to direct the efforts of the organisation into

goal-seeking activities.

Applications of organisational behaviour and the effective management of

people at work take place in the context of the wider environmental setting,

including the changing patterns of organisations and work.

The first kind is unpleasant and ill paid; the second is pleasant and highly paid.

There is a calculative or economic involvement with work and a clear

distinction between work-related and non-work-related activities.

There is a sense of obligation to the work of the organisation and a positive

involvement in terms of a career structure.

There is an ego involvement with work groups rather than with the

organisation itself.

Many people see themselves primarily in terms of their ____ and what they

do at work.

When people enter into a relationship with some other person, there is the

expectation of obtaining some kind of reward or benefit in exchange for giving

something to the other person in return.

Rooted in cultural anthropology and economics, the central premise of social

exchange theory is that a fundamental feature of human interaction is the

exchange of social and material resources.

One significant aspect of organizational behavior, which has its roots in social

exchange theory and the relationship between the individual and the process

of management

The nature of these expectations is not defined formally, and although the

individual member and the organisation may not be consciously aware of

them, they still affect relationships between them and have an influence on

behaviour

money is not always necessary; a genuine thank-you or public

recognition can raise morale.

demonstrating genuine concern for individuals working in the

organisation.

really talking about what the company is hoping to achieve.

“In a hierarchy every employee tends to rise to their level of incompetence” is mentioned by ____

“Never stand when you can sit; never walk when you can ride; never Push

when you can Pull” is mentioned on ____

General recognition of this is illustrated in the proverb, ‘It is the busiest person

who has time to spare.’

Attention to social factors at work, groups, leadership, the informal organization and behaviour of people.

The integration of the classical and human relations approaches. Importance of the socio-technical system. The organization within external environment

No one best design of organization. form of structure management and success of the organization dependent upon a range of situational variables

A form of structure to be found in many large scale organizations is ___

The turning point in the development of the human relations movement

(‘behavioural’ and ‘informal’ are alternative headings) came with the famous

studies

The original investigation was conducted on the lines of the classical approach

and was concerned, in typical scientific management style, with the effects of

the intensity of lighting upon the workers’ productivity.

The workers were divided into two groups, an experimental group and a

control group.

Six women workers were transferred from their normal departments to a

separate area.

The experiment was divided into thirteen periods during which the workers

were subjected to a series of planned and controlled changes to their

conditions of work, such as hours of work, rest pauses and provision of

refreshments.

The lighting experiment and the relay assembly test room drew attention to the

form of supervision as a contributory factor to the workers’ level of production.

In an attempt to find out more about the workers’ feelings towards their

supervisors and their general conditions of work, a large interviewing

programme was introduced.

It was noted that the men formed their own informal organisation with

sub-groups or cliques, and natural leaders emerging with the consent of the

members.

Despite a financial incentive scheme where the workers could receive more

money the more work produced, the group decided on a level of output well

below the level they were capable of producing.

The results of these tests were inconclusive as production in the experimental

group varied with no apparent relationship to the level of lighting, but actually

increased when conditions were made much worse.

___ are an integral part of society, involving both public and private

sectors and including the voluntary and communities sector.

This kind of organization are employee-owned, coop, building societies

This kind of organization are government, departments, local authorities and hospitals

Voluntary and Community are ___ organization?

This is kind of organization having military, trade unions, and police forces

The universities, colleges, and training centers are examples of what kind of organization?

___ are owned and financed by individuals,

partners or shareholders in a joint-stock company, and are accountable to their

owners or members.

___ are created by government and include, for

example, municipal undertakings and central government departments, which

do not have profit as their goal.

It includes state owned commercial undertakings?

___ organisations include on the one hand charities, private societies

and most religious organisations, and on the other hand National Health

Service (NHS) hospitals, universities, prisons, and most government and local

authority departments.

____ promotes the well-being of society but are not charities, and they suggest elements of both capitalism and socialism.

It is the interaction of people in order to achieve objectives that forms the basis of an ___.

Some process of ___ is required by which the activities of the organization, and the efforts of its members, are directed and controlled towards the pursuit of objectives

The output of Transformation or conversion unit?

The input of Transformation or conversion unit?

The structure, management and functioning of an organization are determined not only by internal considerations and choices, but also influenced strongly by a range of volatile external ____ factors

What is the fourth factor in organization?

Some form of structure is needed by which people’s interactions and efforts are channeled and coordinated.

In terms of the open-systems model, the business organization, for example, takes in resources such as ___, finance, raw materials and information from its environment, transforms or converts these and returns them to the environment in various forms of outputs.

Organizations differ in many important respects but they also share common features, and can be viewed as ____

The ___ is a central feature of organisational behaviour.

___ are required to be competent at selecting and developing

individuals who will be valuable to the organisation.

____ may be viewed as consisting of stable characteristics that explain

why a person behaves in a particular way.

The ___ approach is a measurable and specific perspective that looks

at the identification of traits and personality as a collection of characteristics.

The ____ approach is a holistic and dynamic perspective that insists that

managers take into account a ‘whole’ understanding of the individual at work.

The ___ form the basis of standard personality questionnaires that

determine positive or negative scores for each dimension.

___ believed that personality was largely inherited and that we are

born with differing physiological tendencies.

He used quantitative, objective techniques in order to analyse his data and

followed traditional scientific procedures in order to understand the basic

dimensions of personality.

___ with traits such as being talkative, responsive,

easygoing, lively, carefree;

___ such as self-discipline, that can only be inferred and seem to underlie

and determine the traits that are likely to ‘surface’ into behaviour.

____ approaches emphasize the development of the individual and of

individuals’ views of themselves – their self-concept.

He viewed personality development as continuing throughout life, and was

interested in the effect of experiences on the development of the self-concept and how different individuals resolve personal conflicts.

He recognized the importance of early childhood in establishing certain

basic concepts of trust, autonomy and initiative, but also claimed that all stages of life produce different tensions and conflicts.

The ___ theory is of particular significance in that it bridges the

psychoanalytic approach (of writers such as Sigmund Freud) with modern

approaches of personality test design.

His theory identifies life energy as concerned with hopes and goals of the

future and not just of the past.

___ is probably best known for his constructs that form the foundation for the MBTI personality indicator.

___ identified differences between individuals in terms of their libidinal

energy that could flow outwards to the external world (extrovert) or inwards to their inner world (introvert).

____ theory of personal constructs does not just consider personality

development; it considers the whole person in terms of their perceptions,

attitudes and goals.

He ___ developed the Repertory Grid in order to measure an individual’s

construct of the world.

___ was thus able to employ a clear and valid measure within an idiographic approach and the repertory technique has become increasingly important as a research tool.