Isotopes are atoms of the same element that have different mass numbers.

Isotopes have the same amount of protons and the same amount of neutrons.

Ions are particles with a positive or negative charge.

Ions form from the gain or loss of electrons.

The atomic number is equal to the amount of neutrons in an atom.

In an atom, the amount of protons is equal to the amount of electrons.

The mass number is the sum of the protons and neutrons.

An element's identity is based on the amount of protons it has.

Protons are positively charged.

Protons and Neutrons both have a mass of 1 amu.

Neutrons are negatively charged.

Protons and Neutrons are found in the nucleus of an atom.

An orbital is the most probable location of an electron.

Atoms are electrically neutral because the amount of electrons equals the amount of neutrons.

The mass number minus the amount of protons gives you the amount of neutrons.

The outermost energy level is called the valence shell.

Noble gases are stable atoms because they have a full valence shell.

Metals will lose electrons and form positive ions.

Nonmetals will gain electrons to obtain a full valence shell (8 e-).

Atoms bond with each other to become less stable.

Ionic bonding is the sharing of electrons between 2 nonmetals.

Covalent bonding is the sharing of electrons between nonmetal atoms.

Metallic bonding forms a sea of mobile electrons within a metal.

Ionic bonding is the transfer of electrons from the metal to the nonmetal.

Polar covalent bonds form through an unequal sharing of electrons.

Nonpolar covalent bonds form through an equal sharing of electrons.

Polar molecules are symmetrical, so electrons are evenly distributed.

Nonpolar molecules are symmetrical, so there is an even distribution of charge.

Hydrogen bonding is an intermolecular force between molecules.

Hydrogen bonding forms between the hydrogen of one molecule and the N/O/F of another molecule.

Water molecules are held together through hydrogen bonding.

Water molecules have are nonpolar molecules.

Fluorine has an electronegativity of 4.0.

The first ionization energy of hydrogen is 1312 kJ/mol.

The melting point of Beryllium is 1560 degrees Celsius.

The atomic radius of Carbon is 75 pm.

Elements in the same group have the same number of valence electrons.

Elements in the same period have similar properties.

The electronegativity values increase as you go across a period from left to right.

The atomic radius of the elements decrease as you go across a period from left to right.

Electronegativity is the ability for an atom to repel electrons.

Ionization energy is the amount of energy needed to pull off the most loosely bound valence electron.

Atomic radius is the size of the atom.

Melting point is the temperature at which an element changes from solid to liquid.

When an electron moves from the ground state to the excited state, energy is released.

An electron needs to absorb energy to move from the ground state to the excited state.

An electron in an excited state is at a higher energy level.

Light is produced when an excited electron returns to the ground state.

The greater the electronegativity difference, the less polar the bond.

A nonpolar bond will have 0 difference in electronegativity values.

Diatomic elements are all nonpolar molecules with a nonpolar bond.

Ionic bonds are stronger than covalent bonds because they have a greater difference in electronegativity.

An electron in the second shell has less energy than an electron in the fourth shell.

When a metallic atom forms an ion, its radius decreases.

A polar or ionic substance will dissolve in water.

A polar substance will mix well with a nonpolar substance.