WorksheetsFluro week 4 pp1
Total questions: 100
Worksheet time: 50mins
The commercial fluoroscope was developed by
Rutherford
Edison
Newton
Einstein
The original fluoroscopic image was very
dim
bright
clear
fuzzy
___________ imaging is used to view the human body in real time, accomplished with fluoroscopy as opposed to radiography.
Static
Still
Dynamic
Colorized
The image intensifier was introduced in the
1920s
1950s
1970s
1980s
Before the image intensifier, the operator may have worn _____ goggles to make it easier to see the dim fluoroscopic image.
blue
green
red
yellow
The image intensifier improved fluoroscopy by
making the image easier to see because it is brighter
making the image easier to see because it is bigger
allowing indirect viewing of the fluoroscopic image
making the image easier to see because it is brighter and allowing indirect viewing of the fluoroscopic image
The electronic vacuum tube that converts the remnant x-ray beam to light, then to electrons, then back to light, increasing the light intensity in the process is the
x-ray tube
image intensifier
recording system
mirror optics
The image intensifier is located
next to the x-ray tube used for fluoroscopy
beneath the x-ray table
on a shelf just inside the room
inside the fluoroscopic tower
This part of the image intensifier is made of cesium iodide.
Input phosphor.
Output phosphor.
Photocathode.
Accelerating anode.
This part of the image intensifier is made of silver-activated zinc cadmium sulfide.
Input phosphor.
Output phosphor.
Photocathode.
Accelerating anode.
This part of the image intensifier is made of cesium and antimony compounds.
Input phosphor.
Output phosphor.
Photocathode.
Electrostatic focusing lenses.
The __________________ absorbs electrons and emits light.
input phosphor
output phosphor
photocathode
accelerating anode
The _____________________ is designed to set the electron stream in motion at a constant velocity, and is located very close to the output phosphor.
input phosphor
output phosphor
photocathode
accelerating anode
The __________________________ absorbs x-rays and emits light.
input phosphor
output phosphor
photocathode
accelerating anode
This part of the image intensifier absorbs light and produces electrons.
Input phosphor.
Output phosphor.
Photocathode.
Electrostatic focusing lenses.
The _______________________ is bonded directly to the input phosphor.
input phosphor
output phosphor
photocathode
accelerating anode
The electrostatic focusing lenses have a ___________ charge.
negative
positive
neutral
changing
Photoemission occurs at the
input phosphor
output phosphor
photocathode
accelerating anode
The ________________ is (are) found along the entire length of the image intensifier.
input phosphor
output phosphor
photocathode
electrostatic focusing lenses
The ratio of the number of light photons at the output phosphor as compared with the input phosphor is the
brightness gain
flux gain
minification gain
conversion factor
The term that means an expression of the degree to which the image is made smaller from input phosphor to output phosphor. is the
brightness gain
flux gain
minification gain
conversion factor
An expression of the ability of an image intensifier tube to convert x-ray energy into light energy and increase the brightness of the image in the process is the
brightness gain
flux gain
minification gain
conversion factor
____________ is measured in cd/m2/mR/s.
Brightness gain
Flux gain
Minification gain
Conversion factor
The formula for brightness gain is
brightness gain = minification gain – flux gain
brightness gain = minification gain / flux gain
brightness gain = minification gain × flux gain
None of these
The formula for minification gain is
minification gain = input phosphor diameter / output phosphor diameter
minification gain = input phosphor diameter2 / output phosphor diameter2
minification gain = output phosphor diameter / input phosphor diameter
minification gain = output phosphor diameter2 / input phosphor diameter2
The diameter of the input phosphor typically measures between
5 and 10 cm
15 and 30 cm
40 and 65 cm
75 and 100 cm
The diameter of the output phosphor is approximately
1 cm
2.5 cm
5 cm
25 cm
If the input phosphor measures 30 cm and the output phosphor measures 2.5 cm, what is the minification gain?
8.3
12
69.2
144
The function of the fluoroscopic unit that maintains the overall appearance of the fluoroscopic image (contrast and brightness) by automatically adjusting the kilovoltage peak (kVp), milliamperage (mA), or both is
DQE
APR
ABC
AEC
When operated in magnification mode, the electrostatic lenses have ________ of a negative charge.
less
more
the same amount as usual
one half
The formula to determine the amount of magnification created when in magnification mode, the formula is
MF = full size input phosphor / selected input phosphor
MF = full size input phosphor2 / selected input phosphor2
MF = selected input phosphor / full size input phosphor
MF = selected input phosphor2 / full size input phosphor2
If a 30/23/15 cm image intensifier is operated in the 23-cm mode, the fluoroscopic image will be magnified by a factor of
1.3
1.5
1.7
2
Magnification of the fluoroscopic image results in improved
brightness
spatial resolution
contrast
exposure
A disadvantage of using magnification mode during fluoroscopy is
the image has less resolution
the image brightness is inconsistent
the patient receives additional dose
the image has increased noise
Typical fluoroscopic systems have spatial resolution capabilities in the range of
2–3 Lp/mm
4–6 Lp/mm
7–9 Lp/mm
10–12 Lp/mm
In fluoroscopy, shape distortion is caused by
angling the x-ray tube
angling the image intensifier in the fluoroscopic tower
inaccurate control or focusing of the electrons released at the periphery of the photocathode, and the curved shape of the photocathode
inaccurate control or focusing of the electrons released at the periphery of the photocathode, and the flat shape of the photocathode
Distortion of the fluoroscopic image that appears as unequal magnification is
noise
pincushion appearance
vignetting
magnification
A loss of brightness around the edge of the fluoroscopic image caused by the curve of the photocathode is
noise
pincushion appearance
vignetting
magnification
Increasing the mA is the way to correct a fluoroscopic image that has
noise
pincushion appearance
vignetting
magnification
Fluoroscopic imaging systems operate at: ________
2-5mA
15–20 mA
200–500 mA
Unlimited mA
In image-intensified fluoroscopy units the method for viewing the fluoroscopic image is by
using a handheld device
looking directly at the output phosphor
using a television monitor
using a mirror-optics system
The _____________ is a diode tube contained in a glass envelope to maintain a vacuum, and is connected to the output phosphor of the image intensifier by either a fiberoptic bundle or an optical lens system.
television monitor
Vidicon camera tube
charge coupled device (CCD)
charge coupled device (CCD)
d.
liquid crystal display (LCD)
When the electron beam sweeps the anode and travels back and forth across, from top to bottom, it is moving in a ___________ pattern.
sweep
brush
raster
rooster
A face plate, signal plate, and target are all components of the
anode of the camera tube
charge coupled device (CCD)
cathode of the camera tube
x-ray tube
The target layer is a photoconductive layer made of antimony trisulfide in ______ tubes.
x-ray
CCD
vidicon
plumbicon
When the electron beam is sweeping the anode, if the electron beam and light from the output phosphor are incident on the same place at the same time, _____________ through the target to the signal plate.
x-rays are produced
the image is magnified
electrons are transmitted
light photons are transmitted
A light-sensitive semiconducting device that generates an electrical charge when stimulated by light and stores this charge in a capacitor is the
anode of the camera tube
charge coupled device (CCD)
cathode of the camera tube
x-ray tube
Semiconductor capacitors made of metal oxide are components of the
camera tube
CCD
image intensifier
x-ray tube
Each capacitor in a CCD represents a(n)
line
image
pixel
electric charge
The CCDs electric charge from the capacitors is sent to the
output phosphor
television monitor
x-ray tube
image intensifier
51. The fiberoptic bundle or optical lens system is used to
deliver the image from the camera to the television monitor
record the fluoroscopic image
link the output phosphor and camera or CCD
none of these
52. The purpose of a beam-splitting mirror is to
view the fluoroscopic image on more than one television
reduce the intensity of the image from the output phosphor
allow spot filming to be done during fluoroscopy
all of these
53. The purpose of the is to convert the electronic signal from the camera tube or CCD into a visible image.
image intensifier
fiberoptic bundle
television monitor
anode of the vidicon tube
54. Typical television monitors are
300 line systems
450 line systems
525 line systems
875 line systems
55. A typical high-resolution monitor has
825 line systems
1024 line systems
525 line systems
2034 line systems
56. An electron gun can be found in the
television monitor
CCD
vidicon camera
television monitor and vidicon camera
57. The television is capable of resolving approximately ___________.
0.5–.75 Lp/mm
1–2 Lp/mm
3 Lp/mm
5 Lp/mm
58. In terms of resolution, the weakest part of the fluoroscopic system is the
image intensifier
television monitor
camera tube
CCD
59. The recording device that “photographs” the image off of the output phosphor is the
cassette spot filming
film cameras for spot filming
videotape
flat panel detector
60. This recording system uses 70-mm or 105-mm film.
Cassette spot filming
Film cameras for spot filming
Videotape
None of these
61. This allows the film to be divided into 2, 4, or more images.
Cassette spot filming with masking shutters
Film cameras for spot filming
Videotape
Flat panel detector
62. Which of the following recording systems require the x-ray-beam to be in radiographic mode?
Cassette spot filming.
Film cameras for spot filming.
Cine filming.
Flat panel detector.
63. Early versions of digital fluoroscopy used the conventional fluoroscopic chain and added
a different camera
an analog-to-digital converter (ADC)
videotape
a digital-to-analog converter (DAC)
64. The analog-to-digital converter
determines the contrast resolution of the system
takes the video (analog) signal and divides it into binary language that the computer “understands.”
is necessary for the computer to process and display the image
all of these
65. Digital fluoroscopy is improved by using
a vidicon camera
videotape
a beam-splitting mirror
a charge-coupling device (CCD)
66. Which of the following is true about the CCD used in digital fluoroscopy?
I. The CCD is more light sensitive with a higher DQE value.
II. The CCD exhibits less noise and no spatial distortion.
III. The CCD has higher spatial resolution.
IV. The CCD requires more radiation to create an image.
the CCD is more light sensitive with a higher DQE value and CCD exhibits less noise and no spatial distortion only.
the CCD is more light sensitive with a higher DQE value and the CCD has higher spatial resolution only.
the CCD is more light sensitive with a higher DQE value, CCD exhibits less noise and no spatial distortion, and the CCD has higher spatial resolution only.
the CCD is more light sensitive with a higher DQE value, CCD exhibits less noise and no spatial distortion, and the CCD requires more radiation to create an image only.
the CCD is more light sensitive with a higher DQE value, CCD exhibits less noise and no spatial distortion, the CCD has higher spatial resolution, and the CCD requires more radiation to create an image.
67. More advanced fluoroscopy systems use a flat-panel detector
to record the spot images during fluoroscopy
to record the overhead images following fluoroscopy
in place of the image intensifier
in addition to the image intensifier
68. Flat-panel detectors for fluoroscopic imaging can be the
cesium iodide amorphous silicon indirect-capture detector
amorphous selenium direct-capture detector
cesium and antimony direct-capture detector
cesium iodide amorphous silicon indirect-capture detector and amorphous selenium direct-capture detector
cesium iodide amorphous silicon indirect-capture detector and cesium and antimony direct-capture detector
69. For detectors to produce high-quality fluoroscopic images, they must be able to
respond very quickly
maintain a large fill factor
have application-specific integrated circuits for noise reduction
all of these
70. Which of the following is required in the indirect-capture detector?
Amorphous silicon photodetector.
Thin film transistor (TFT) array.
A scintillator that uses cesium iodide or gadolinium oxysulfide as the phosphor.
All of these.
71. Which of the following is an advantage of flat panel detectors used in fluoroscopy?
Much lighter and more compact.
Produce a digital signal directly.
Less electronic noise.
60 times larger operational dynamic range because they do not exhibit veiling glare.
All of these.
72. A large fill factor refers to
the entire detector being filled with x-rays
the entire detector needing a large amount of x-rays to produce an image
a large area of the pixel being sensitive to x-rays
a small area of the pixel being sensitive to x-rays
73. Which of the following has a rectangular field of view and a wider dynamic range?
Conventional image intensifier.
Flat-panel detector in place of image intensifier.
There is no difference between the two.
74. Flat panel detector fluoroscopy units operate at what mA?
2- 5 mA
10-30 mA
50-1200 mA
1500-2000 mA
75. What fluoroscopic feature allows the position of the collimator plates to be viewed on the monitor without exposing the patient to radiation?
last image hold
frame averaging
digital subtraction
electronic magnification
76. The ability to adjust the size of the field of view without exposing the patient to radiation is known as:
frame averaging
last image hold
digital subtraction
virtual collimation
77. Frame averaging is
an operation that reduces overall patient dose
an operation that increases overall patient dose
an operation that reduces image noise by averaging multiple image frames together
an operation that reduces overall patient dose and an operation that reduces image noise by averaging multiple image frames together
78. What feature automatically adjusts the tube current (mA), voltage (kVp), filtration, and pulse width to maintain radiation exposure to the flat panel detector?
Pulsed fluoroscopy
Last image hold
Frame averaging
None of these
79. The difference between geometric magnification and electronic magnification is
geometric magnification is where the patient is placed closer to the x-ray tube to create a larger OID and electronic magnification involves the selection of a smaller field of view
electronic magnification is where the patient is placed closer to the x-ray tube to create a larger OID and geometric magnification involves the selection of a smaller field of view
there is no difference between geometric magnification and electronic magnification
80. A fluoroscopic feature that automatically turns the x-ray beam on and off rapidly during operations is known as:
Pulsed fluoroscopy
Frame averaging
Intermittent fluoroscopy
Pulse rate
81. ______________ refers to how long each exposure lasts.
Pulsed fluoroscopy
Pulse rate
Pulse width
Dose rates
82. What information during fluoroscopy should be documented in the patient’s record?
1. Total amount of fluoroscopy time
2. Cumulative air kerma
3. Dose-area product
total amount of fluoroscopy time and cumulative air kerma only
total amount of fluoroscopy time and dose-area product only
cumulative air kerma and dose-area product only
total amount of fluoroscopy time, cumulative air kerma, and dose-area product
83. In LCD monitors, the liquid crystal layer sandwiched between polarizing layers contains crystals that are in an unorganized and twisted state, but become __________ when electric current is applied.
unorganized and twisted
unorganized and untwisted
organized and twisted
organized and untwisted
84. In LCD monitors, the number of TFTs is equal to the
number of crystals in the liquid crystal layer
number of pixels displayed
Lp/mm of resolution
display line system
85. Which of the following contains a thin layer of pixels instead of a liquid crystal layer, with each pixel containing three neon and xenon gas-filled cells?
Cathode ray tube monitor.
Liquid crystal display (LCD) monitor.
Plasma monitor.
Radiographic film.
86. Fluoroscopic equipment should be inspected every
week
month
6 months
year
87. The radiographer may be responsible for the ________________ inspection of the fluoroscopic equipment for quality control purposes.
performance
operational
supervisory
performance and operational
88. Inspecting the protective curtain, Bucky slot cover, and fluoroscopic timer are part of the
performance quality control testing
operational quality control testing
supervisory
performance quality control testing and operational quality control testing
89. Performance quality control testing should be done by a
radiographer
medical physicist
radiologist
student radiographer
1. The input phosphor and photocathode form a flat surface.
t
f
2. Each electron that interacts with the output phosphor results in significantly fewer light photons being produced in comparison with the number of light photons it took to release that electron.
t
f
3. Age has no effect on an image intensifier because everything takes place in a vacuum.
t
f
4. The ABC can be slow in responding, seen as a brief delay in the brightness adjustment.
t
f
5. Automatic exposure rate control (AERC) is used in digital fluoroscopy and is similar to automatic brightness control (ABC).
T
F
6. When using magnification mode, the operator needs to set the exposure factors higher to compensate for the reduced diameter useful input phosphor.
F
T
7. The purpose of a camera tube or CCD is to record the fluoroscopic image.
F
T
8. Pulse rate refers to how many pulses occur per second of operation.
T
F
9. When a CCD is exposed to light, it generates and briefly stores light energy.
T
F
10. The electron gun in the television monitor sends out a steady stream of electrons to activate the fluorescent screen.
F
T
11. The radiographer is responsible for performance and operational quality control testing.
F
T
