is a medical specialization that involves performing a range of imaging procedures to obtain images of the inside of the body.

In _____, angiography was first successively used for the human body

In ______, a Swedish doctor introduced Seldinger Technique

In _____, Charles Dotter first proposed the idea of interventional radiology

•      In_____, Charles Dotter opened a new era of percutaneous angioplasty through accidental operation, marking the formation of interventional radiology. On this basis, the techniques of balloon catheter dilation and metal stent implantation was developed.

Endovascular stent was proposed in ______

In _______, the percutaneous angioplasty has been a breakthrough with the emergence of soft double-lumen balloon catheter

Percutaneous coronary angioplasty in _______

Since the _____, balloon angioplasty relegated to secondary status with the emergence of metal stent.

Transcatheter arterial embolization had been one of the most important basic techniques for interventional radiology since ______

__________ assists physicians in interventional procedures and provides diagnostic aid by conducting organ or body scans on patients.

________Administers and records isotope dosage in accordance with established departmental protocol.

_______ is a fluoroscopy technique used in interventional radiology to clearly visualize blood vessels in a bony or dense soft tissue environment.

Subtraction angiography was first described in _____

Subtraction angiography was first described in English sources in ______ as a manual technique

In traditional angiography, images are acquired by exposing an area of interest with time-controlled x-rays while injecting a contrast medium into the blood vessels.

The images are useful for determining anatomical position and variations, but unhelpful for visualizing blood vessels accurately

The _______ is simply an image of the same area before the contrast is administered.

The radiological equipment used to capture this is usually an X-ray image intensifier, which then keeps producing images of the same area at a set rate (________ frames per second).

Smaller structures require less contrast to fill the vessel than others.

     Intravenous digital subtraction angiography (IV-DSA) is a form of angiography which was first developed in the late______.

___________ is a computer technique that compares an X-ray image of a region of the body before and after radiopaque iodine based dye has been injected intravenously into the body.

Some limited studies have indicated that IV-DSA is not suitable for patients with diabetes or kidney failure because the dye load is significantly higher than that used in arteriography

However, IV-DSA has been used successfully to study the vessels of the brain and heart and has helped detect, EXCEPT?

•      IV-DSA has also been useful in assessing patients prior to, EXCEPT?

________ is primarily used to image blood vessels.

DSA is useful in the diagnosis and treatment of, EXCEPT?

Images are produced using contrast medium by subtracting a "pre-contrast image" or mask from subsequent images, once the contrast medium has been introduced into a structure

Digital subtraction angiography is used to produce images of the blood vessels without interfering shadows from overlapping tissues.

_________are taken in succession while contrast material is being injected. These images show the opacified vessels superimposed on the anatomy and are stored on the computer.

local anesthesia is administered at the intended puncture site (usually lidocaine hydrochloide _______ w/v)

    in certain procedures (e.g. a child undergoing cerebral angiography), local anesthesia is performed

a standard access kit includes a straight 18 gauge needle and .035" guide-wires

in many cases, a micro-introducer access kit (.018" guidewire threaded through a 21 gauge initial access needle) is used for access

Seldinger Technique is a medical procedure to obtain safe access to blood vessels and other hollow organs

Patient should be immobilized for 4-8 hours and keep on supine position.

__________ a blood clot in the circulatory system. It attaches to the site at which it formed and remains there, hindering blood flow. 

________  a bubble that becomes trapped in a blood vessel and blocks it.

Local tissue damage is physical harm that is caused to an object. 

_________ occurs when a blood vessel wall is injured and the leaking blood collects in the surrounding tissue. 

________ an abnormal connection between an artery and a vein in which blood flows directly from an artery into a vein, bypassing some capillaries

__________  obstruction of a blood vessel by a blood clot that has become dislodged from another site in the circulation

A dissection is a tear within the wall of a blood vessel, which allows blood to separate the wall layers.

___________rapid deterioration in the kidney function due to toxic effect of medications and chemicals.

Misintegration effect is prominent at high-contrast interfaces, such as bone-soft tissue, metal staples and coils, and bowel air

Using a micro-introducer facilitates less traumatic entry and can be retrieved without massive bleeding should there be a need for re-puncturing.

The Seldinger technique is used to gain access to a blood vessel ultrasound is often used for visualizing the vessel in real-time for puncturing.

Seldinger wire technique, is a medical procedure to obtain safe access to blood  and other solid organs.

Thrombus formation is a local complication.

Contrast mediated nephrotoxicity is a rapid deterioration in the liver function due to toxic effect of medications and chemicals.

Thrombus formation a blood clot in the respiratory system, It attaches to the site at which it formed and remains there, hindering blood flow

The following are advantages of IR, EXCEPT?

Interventional radiologist use imaging techniques in IR, EXCEPT?

Some limited studies have indicated that IV-DSA is not suitable for patients with ?

IV-DSA has been used successfully to study the the following, EXCEPT.

The person who first proposed the idea of interventional radiology.

Complications in IR, EXCEPT?

__________is a procedure to detect abnormalities in your blood vessels

If the angiogram reveals a narrowed vessel, a balloon angioplasty or stent placement may be performed at the same time.

Once the angiogram is completed you may be on bedrest for 4-6 hours or until you have recovered from sedation

________ sometimes called a cerebral aneurysm, is a weak spot in a brain artery.

is a life threatening condition that can cause serious brain injuries or stroke.

-_________  form a pocket on the outside of an artery. They are the most common type of cerebral aneurysm. Some people refer to them as berry aneurysms due to their appearance.

_________   occur when the blood vessel expands on all sides. This type of aneurysm is more common after an injury to a blood vessel.

_________ are those that form a sac around an artery. They happen when an infection from another area of the body gets into the bloodstream and spreads to the brain.

___________ are less than 11 millimeters (mm) across — about the size of a large pencil eraser

_________   are 11–25 mm in diameter — roughly the size of a dime.

_____  are 25 mm or larger — more than the diameter of a quarter.

     Larger aneurysms are more likely than smaller ones to cause symptoms before they rupture, but most aneurysms do not cause any symptoms during this stage.

Brain aneurysms are more  in females than in males and more likely to affect adults between 30 and 60 years old

The following are genetic conditions that weaken blood vessels, EXCEPT?

During an endovascular procedure, a surgeon inserts a catheter through the groin, then navigates to the aneurysm

_________  a type of stroke that occurs as a result of bleeding in the brain

________ causes arteries to narrow, limiting blood flow to the brain and potentially causing serious brain damage or a stroke

hydrocephalus, which happens when cerebrospinal fluid accumulates in the brain, causing dangerous pressure that may damage this organ

Possible complications of a ruptured brain aneurysm, EXCEPT?

These are genetic conditions that weaken blood vessels, EXCEPT?

The following are symptoms of unruptured aneurysm, EXCEPT?

Risk factors for brain aneurysms, EXCEPT?

Risks associated with cardiac catheterization and angiograms includes the following, EXCEPT?

Tips that may help during recovery include the following, EXCEPT?

Symptoms of an infection includes the following, EXCEPT?

when angle of axis of branch vessel from aortic axis is low.

(e.g., cobra-2, celiac) when angle of axis of branch vessel is between 60 and 120 degrees.

(e.g., SOS, Simmons) when angle of axis of branch vessel from aorta is great.

The following are advantages of IR, EXCEPT?

Things can be done in IR, EXCEPT?

_______________    X-ray examination of the arteries and veins to diagnose blockages and other blood vessel problems.

____________ opens blocked or narrowed blood vessels by inserting a very small balloon into the vessel and inflating it.

___________   uses a stent to - open up blocke ducts and allow bile to drain from the liver.

______________   insertion of tube beneath the skin and into the blood vessels so that patients can receive medication or nutrients directly into the blood stream or to draw blood.

a catheter used to open blocked fallopian tubes without surgery; a treatment for infertility.

- feeding tube inserted into the stomach for patients who are unable to take sufficient food by mouth.

   use of angioplasty or thrombolysis to open blocked grafts for hemodialysis.

Needle biopsy is a diagnostic test for breast, lung and other cancers; an alternative to surgical biopsy.

  use of radiofrequency energy to cook and kill cancerous tumors.

__________ delivery or cancer fighting agnets directly to the site of the tumor.

  delivery of clotting agents (coils, plastic particles, gelfoam, etc) directly to an area that is bleeding or to clock blood flow to a problem area like aneurysm or fibroid tumor in uterus.

   dissolves blood clots by injecting clot-busting drugs at the site of the clot.

  a life-saving procedure to improve blood flow and prevents hemorrhage in patients with sever liver dysfunction.

- a procedure to stop life-threatning postpartum bleeding, potentionally preventing hysterectomy.

    treatment for enlarged blood vessels in the scrotum which can be a source of pain and cosmetic distress.

treats painful fractures and other lesions of the spinal column to provide rapid relief of symptoms and protect from further damage or fracture.

________   is the placement of a small, flexible rubber tube (catheter) through your skin into your kidney to drain your urine. It is inserted through your back or flank.

____________    is the passing of a special medical instrument through your skin into your kidney. This is done to remove kidney stones.

The following are risks of nephrostomy and nephrostolithotomy, EXCEPT?

Before nephrostomy and nephrostolithotomy you may be asked not to drink or eat anything for at least 6 hours before the procedure.

Once in place, this needle does not cause any pain. You will also have a monitoring device attached to your chest and finger, and will probably receive oxygen through small tubes in your nose.

  You need to have a needle put into a vein in your arm, so that the radiologist can give you a sedative or painkillers.

Nephrostomy may be over in 20 minutes, or very occasionally it may take longer than 90 minutes

The following are possible complications after nephrostomy, EXCEPT?

A procedure were a contrast dye is injected into lymph vessels in your feet or hands.

__________ is a special x-ray of the lymph nodes and lymph vessels.

Lymph nodes play an important role in the immune system. They help store while blood cells in that fight infection. They also trap cancer cells.

Lymph nodes are located throughout your body.

fluid containing white blood cells in and out of the lymph nodes called __________

Lymph nodes and lymph vessels normally show on an x-ray

The following are purposes of lymphangiography, EXCEPT?

lymphedema is an accumulation of lymph fluids resulting in swelling of the arms and face

the dye remains in the lymph nodes for up to ________

Contrast dye is infused into the vessels at a slow rate; it usually takes________minutes for the infusion to be completed

The infusion is stopped when the dye reaches about chest level.

In lymphangiography, The entire procedure usually takes about________.

During lymphangiography, you receive a higher dose than during standard x-ray procedures.

The following are possible complications on lymphangiography, EXCEPT?

some are allergic reaction to the iodine-based contrast dye, EXCEPT?

-          Do not immerse your feet in water until the sutures have been removed- about 7 to 10 days after the procedure.

Lymphangiography is a special treatment of the lymph nodes and vessels

In lymphangiography the contrast dye is injected into the vessels of your hands and feet

Lymph nodes produced red blood cells to fight against infection

The purpose of performing lymphangiography is to evaluate the effectiveness of chemotherapy

Percutaneous nephrostolithotomy is the passing of small instrument through your skin into your kidney

Nephrolithotomy is done to removed kidney stone

Nephrostomy may last over 20 minutes

Nephrostomy means placing a tube into the kidney

In lymphangiography a sedative is given before the test

________ is a procedure that produces an image of your arteries.

Common types of arteriogram, EXCEPT?

You may need to stop taking medications that affect blood clotting, such as aspirin or blood-thinning medications before the procedure of arteriogram

An arteriogram can help doctors detect several conditions and abnormalities, EXCEPT?

   General risks of an arteriogram include: EXCEPT

coronary arteriography might lead to low blood pressure, a stroke, or a heart attack

Cerebral Angiogram is an image that can help your doctor find blockages or other abnormalities in the blood vessels of your head and face.

An angiogram can also be used to help treat some of the conditions involving the blood vessels of the neck and brain

  Cerebral angiography can help diagnose: EXCEPT?

Cerebral angiography may also help your doctor figure out the cause of certain symptoms, EXCEPT?

An aortic arteriogram observes the blood flow through the aorta, which is the main artery of the liver.

Coronary angiography involves the heart

Blood thinning medication is contraindicated for arteriogram

The required fasting time depends on the type of arteriogram being done

During a cerebral angiogram, for example, your head will be held in place in order to produce a clear image during the procedure

Depending on the location of the insertion site and the type of arteriogram, you may need to lie on your back or keep a specific body part still for up to several minutes after the procedure

Ccerebral angiography is a diagnostic test that uses an x-ray

Everyone who may have arterial blockages needs to have cerebral angiography