The Aquino administration passed the Comprehensive Agrarian Reform Program Extension and Reform (CARPER) - Republic Act No. 9700 on August 7, 2009.

For decades, crop distribution has been a salient issue in the Philippines.

In recent years, population growth and degradation of productive land has led to increased stress and tensions between smallholder farmers, wealthy landlords and the state.

The landowners believed that violation of their land rights, is also a violation of their human rights.

The issue of a genuine agrarian reform program in the Philippines is a centuries-old problem. Since the Spanish and American colonial periods to the present administration of Duterte, it remains a clamor of landless Filipino farmers like the KAISAHAN farmers.

Taxation started during the American colonial period in the Philippines.

The Filipinos were compelled to pay tax to pay for the administration of the country, construction of churches, government buildings, roads, bridges, and improvement of transportation and communication.

Unmarried man over 30 years old and unmarried woman over 35 years old paid half of the imposed tribute.

National taxes are imposed by the national government through the National Internal Revenue Code, Tariff and Customs Code, Local taxes are those collected by the local government units (LGUs) based on Local Government Code.