The Grand Canal also connected China’s two largest cities, Beijing （涿郡） and Hangzhou (余杭), as well as major river systems (the Yellow River in the north and the Yangtze in the south) with a total length of almost twenty thousand kilometers, thereby creating a huge integrated market. The result of linking two geographical zones was a Chinese golden age in culture and economics: the Chinese developed the world’s first national newspaper, the world’s first printed book, the world’s first mechanical clock, as well as the world’s first porcelain, paper money, and gunpowder. Which historical event is a similarity to the effect of Grand Canal?

The Grand Canal also connected China’s two largest cities, Beijing （涿郡） and Hangzhou (余杭), as well as major river systems (the Yellow River in the north and the Yangtze in the south) with a total length of almost twenty thousand kilometers, thereby creating a huge integrated market. The result of linking two geographical zones was a Chinese golden age in culture and economics: the Chinese developed the world’s first national newspaper, the world’s first printed book, the world’s first mechanical clock, as well as the world’s first porcelain, paper money, and gunpowder. Which one was not an effect效果 of the Grand Canal?  

During the Song-Liao war, many soldiers fought bravely, and the Liao general was killed by an arrow as he directed the battle from outside his tent. The Liao army was scared and then proposed a peace treaty. Kou Zhun refused to do so, but Emperor Zhenzong did not want to continue the war. An agreement was reached: the two countries would be allies and the Song would give two hundred thousand pi匹 of silk and a hundred thousand liang两 of silver to the Liao annually每年. This treaty was later known as the “Treaty of Chanyuan”澶渊之盟” by historians because Chanzhou was also called Chanyuan.

As a result of this humiliating treaty, the burden of the Song people grew. However, peace remained for more than a hundred years, and it opened up communication and trade between the north and south.

Which power overthrew Liao dynasty finally?

During the Song-Liao war, many soldiers fought bravely, and the Liao general was killed by an arrow as he directed the battle from outside his tent. The Liao army was scared and then proposed a peace treaty. Kou Zhun refused to do so, but Emperor Zhenzong did not want to continue the war. An agreement was reached: the two countries would be allies and the Song would give two hundred thousand pi匹 of silk and a hundred thousand liang两 of silver to the Liao annually每年. This treaty was later known as the “Treaty of Chanyuan”澶渊之盟” by historians because Chanzhou was also called Chanyuan.

As a result of this humiliating treaty, the burden of the Song people grew. However, peace remained for more than a hundred years, and it opened up communication and trade between the north and south.

What was not a reason to that Treaty of Chanyuan was humiliating for Song dynasty?  

During the Song-Liao war, many soldiers fought bravely, and the Liao general was killed by an arrow as he directed the battle from outside his tent. The Liao army was scared and then proposed a peace treaty. Kou Zhun refused to do so, but Emperor Zhenzong did not want to continue the war. An agreement was reached: the two countries would be allies and the Song would give two hundred thousand pi匹 of silk and a hundred thousand liang两 of silver to the Liao annually每年. This treaty was later known as the “Treaty of Chanyuan”澶渊之盟” by historians because Chanzhou was also called Chanyuan.

As a result of this humiliating treaty, the burden of the Song people grew. However, peace remained for more than a hundred years, and it opened up communication and trade between the north and south.

Compared with others, which event was more different from the Song-Liao relationship?

The Jin also encouraged the Jurchens to move southward to the central plains, promoting their move into the land tenancy租赁 system. The Jin Dynasty also printed money and molded cooper铜 and silver coins to advance handicrafts and commerce. Meanwhile, the Jurchens were encouraged to marry the Han Chinese people. According to the History of Jin, during the two decades following the capital move, the Jurchens gradually changed their former customs and practiced those of Han people in daily life, in music, and in many other aspects. Even the descendants of royal families “had practiced Han customs since their childhood” as they knew little about their own Jurchen culture. What is the main idea of this paragraph?

The Jin also encouraged the Jurchens to move southward to the central plains, promoting their move into the land tenancy租赁 system. The Jin Dynasty also printed money and molded cooper铜 and silver coins to advance handicrafts and commerce. Meanwhile, the Jurchens were encouraged to marry the Han Chinese people. According to the History of Jin, during the two decades following the capital move, the Jurchens gradually changed their former customs and practiced those of Han people in daily life, in music, and in many other aspects. Even the descendants of royal families “had practiced Han customs since their childhood” as they knew little about their own Jurchen culture. What was the similarity between Song-Jin conflict and Ming-Qing conflict?

The Jin also encouraged the Jurchens to move southward to the central plains, promoting their move into the land tenancy租赁 system. The Jin Dynasty also printed money and molded cooper铜 and silver coins to advance handicrafts and commerce. Meanwhile, the Jurchens were encouraged to marry the Han Chinese people. According to the History of Jin, during the two decades following the capital move, the Jurchens gradually changed their former customs and practiced those of Han people in daily life, in music, and in many other aspects. Even the descendants of royal families “had practiced Han customs since their childhood” as they knew little about their own Jurchen culture. What was probably a reason that Northern Song was destroyed by Jin dynasty?

The movable type system was invented by Bi Sheng, a commoner living the mid-eleventh century during the Northern Song Dynasty. Bi Sheng’s type was made of baked clay. When he wished to print, he set an iron frame on the iron plate. He placed the types on this. When the frame was full, it made one solid block of type. He then placed it near the fire to warm it. When the paste浆糊 (at the back) was slightly melted, he took a smooth board and pressed it over the surface, so that the block of type became as smooth as a whetstone 磨石. Then, he applied ink to the plate to print. When the printing was finished, the plate was heated and types could be removed. Archaeologists found that the first known movable type prints app eared as early as the Western Xia Dynasty. During the Song and Ming periods, metal movable types made of tin, copper, and lead were used. During the Song and Yuan dynasties, chromatic printing was invented to print paper money in Archaeologists found that the first known movable type prints app eared as early as the Western Xia Dynasty. During the Song and Ming periods, metal movable types made of tin, copper, and lead were used. During the Song and Yuan dynasties, chromatic printing was invented to print paper money in Archaeologists found that the first known movable type prints appeared as early as the Western Xia Dynasty. During the Song and Ming periods, metal movable types made of tin, copper, and lead were used. During the Song and Yuan dynasties, chromatic彩色 printing was invented to print paper money in order to avoid forgery伪造.

What was the advantage of movable type printing method compared with wood block printing?

The movable type system was invented by Bi Sheng, a commoner living the mid-eleventh century during the Northern Song Dynasty. Bi Sheng’s type was made of baked clay. When he wished to print, he set an iron frame on the iron plate. He placed the types on this. When the frame was full, it made one solid block of type. He then placed it near the fire to warm it. When the paste浆糊 (at the back) was slightly melted, he took a smooth board and pressed it over the surface, so that the block of type became as smooth as a whetstone 磨石. Then, he applied ink to the plate to print. When the printing was finished, the plate was heated and types could be removed. Archaeologists found that the first known movable type prints app eared as early as the Western Xia Dynasty. During the Song and Ming periods, metal movable types made of tin, copper, and lead were used. During the Song and Yuan dynasties, chromatic printing was invented to print paper money in Archaeologists found that the first known movable type prints app eared as early as the Western Xia Dynasty. During the Song and Ming periods, metal movable types made of tin, copper, and lead were used. During the Song and Yuan dynasties, chromatic printing was invented to print paper money in Archaeologists found that the first known movable type prints appeared as early as the Western Xia Dynasty. During the Song and Ming periods, metal movable types made of tin, copper, and lead were used. During the Song and Yuan dynasties, chromatic彩色 printing was invented to print paper money in order to avoid forgery伪造.

Which understanding of the second paragraph is correct?

The movable type system was invented by Bi Sheng, a commoner living the mid-eleventh century during the Northern Song Dynasty. Bi Sheng’s type was made of baked clay. When he wished to print, he set an iron frame on the iron plate. He placed the types on this. When the frame was full, it made one solid block of type. He then placed it near the fire to warm it. When the paste浆糊 (at the back) was slightly melted, he took a smooth board and pressed it over the surface, so that the block of type became as smooth as a whetstone 磨石. Then, he applied ink to the plate to print. When the printing was finished, the plate was heated and types could be removed. Archaeologists found that the first known movable type prints app eared as early as the Western Xia Dynasty. During the Song and Ming periods, metal movable types made of tin, copper, and lead were used. During the Song and Yuan dynasties, chromatic printing was invented to print paper money in Archaeologists found that the first known movable type prints app eared as early as the Western Xia Dynasty. During the Song and Ming periods, metal movable types made of tin, copper, and lead were used. During the Song and Yuan dynasties, chromatic printing was invented to print paper money in Archaeologists found that the first known movable type prints appeared as early as the Western Xia Dynasty. During the Song and Ming periods, metal movable types made of tin, copper, and lead were used. During the Song and Yuan dynasties, chromatic彩色 printing was invented to print paper money in order to avoid forgery伪造.

“Movable type spread to Korea, Japan, Egypt, and Europe, where it appeared four hundred years later in the fifteenth century.” What could not be inferred推测 from the information?

The Ming dynasty （1368-1644）, which succeeded the Yuan (Mongol) dynasty (1206–1368), was founded by Zhu Yuanzhang. Zhu, who was of humble origins 出身卑微, later assumed the reign title of Hongwu 洪武 The Ming became one of the most stable but also one of the most autocratic of all Chinese dynasties

The basic governmental structure established by the Ming was continued by the subsequent Qing (Manchu) dynasty and lasted until the imperial institution was abolished in 1911/12. The civil service system官僚系统 was perfected during the Ming and then became stratified; almost all the top Ming officials entered the bureaucracy by passing a government examination. The Censorate (Duchayuan), an office designed to investigate official misconduct and corruption, was made a separate organ of the government. Affairs in each province were handled by three agencies, each reporting to separate bureaus in the central government. The position of prime minister was abolished. Instead, the emperor took over personal control of the government, ruling with the assistance of the especially appointed Neige (内阁), or Grand Secretariat.

. What was the most probable reason that Zhu Yuanzhang overthrew Yuan dynasty?

The Ming dynasty （1368-1644）, which succeeded the Yuan (Mongol) dynasty (1206–1368), was founded by Zhu Yuanzhang. Zhu, who was of humble origins 出身卑微, later assumed the reign title of Hongwu 洪武 The Ming became one of the most stable but also one of the most autocratic of all Chinese dynasties

The basic governmental structure established by the Ming was continued by the subsequent Qing (Manchu) dynasty and lasted until the imperial institution was abolished in 1911/12. The civil service system官僚系统 was perfected during the Ming and then became stratified; almost all the top Ming officials entered the bureaucracy by passing a government examination. The Censorate (Duchayuan), an office designed to investigate official misconduct and corruption, was made a separate organ of the government. Affairs in each province were handled by three agencies, each reporting to separate bureaus in the central government. The position of prime minister was abolished. Instead, the emperor took over personal control of the government, ruling with the assistance of the especially appointed Neige (内阁), or Grand Secretariat.

. What was the reason that Ming dynasty was one of the most autocratic dynasties?

The Ming dynasty （1368-1644）, which succeeded the Yuan (Mongol) dynasty (1206–1368), was founded by Zhu Yuanzhang. Zhu, who was of humble origins 出身卑微, later assumed the reign title of Hongwu 洪武 The Ming became one of the most stable but also one of the most autocratic of all Chinese dynasties

The basic governmental structure established by the Ming was continued by the subsequent Qing (Manchu) dynasty and lasted until the imperial institution was abolished in 1911/12. The civil service system官僚系统 was perfected during the Ming and then became stratified; almost all the top Ming officials entered the bureaucracy by passing a government examination. The Censorate (Duchayuan), an office designed to investigate official misconduct and corruption, was made a separate organ of the government. Affairs in each province were handled by three agencies, each reporting to separate bureaus in the central government. The position of prime minister was abolished. Instead, the emperor took over personal control of the government, ruling with the assistance of the especially appointed Neige (内阁), or Grand Secretariat.

Which one was a continuity of Ming dynasty’s civil service system?

Grand Council, or Junji Shiwu Chu办理军机事务处, was an important policy-making body of China during the Qing dynasty. It was established in 1733 by the Yongzheng雍正 Emperor. The council was originally in charge of military affairs, but gradually attained a more important role and eventually attained the role of a privy私人的 council, which is why it has become known as the "Grand Council" in English.

Despite its important role in the government, the Grand Council remained an informal policy making body in the inner court and its members held other formal jobs in the Qing civil service. Originally, most of the officials serving in the Grand Council were Manchus满族（即女真族）, but gradually Han Chinese officials were admitted into the ranks of the council. One of the earliest Han Chinese officials to serve in the council was Zhang Tingyu张廷玉. The chancellery 军机大臣 was housed in an insignificant building just west of the gate to Palace of Heavenly Purity in the Forbidden City. What is the probable reason that the Grand Council was an informal policy making body?

Grand Council, or Junji Shiwu Chu办理军机事务处, was an important policy-making body of China during the Qing dynasty. It was established in 1733 by the Yongzheng雍正 Emperor. The council was originally in charge of military affairs, but gradually attained a more important role and eventually attained the role of a privy私人的 council, which is why it has become known as the "Grand Council" in English.

Despite its important role in the government, the Grand Council remained an informal policy making body in the inner court and its members held other formal jobs in the Qing civil service. Originally, most of the officials serving in the Grand Council were Manchus满族（即女真族）, but gradually Han Chinese officials were admitted into the ranks of the council. One of the earliest Han Chinese officials to serve in the council was Zhang Tingyu张廷玉. The chancellery 军机大臣 was housed in an insignificant building just west of the gate to Palace of Heavenly Purity in the Forbidden City. Why the chancellery was housed in an insignificant building?

Grand Council, or Junji Shiwu Chu办理军机事务处, was an important policy-making body of China during the Qing dynasty. It was established in 1733 by the Yongzheng雍正 Emperor. The council was originally in charge of military affairs, but gradually attained a more important role and eventually attained the role of a privy私人的 council, which is why it has become known as the "Grand Council" in English.

Despite its important role in the government, the Grand Council remained an informal policy making body in the inner court and its members held other formal jobs in the Qing civil service. Originally, most of the officials serving in the Grand Council were Manchus满族（即女真族）, but gradually Han Chinese officials were admitted into the ranks of the council. One of the earliest Han Chinese officials to serve in the council was Zhang Tingyu张廷玉. The chancellery 军机大臣 was housed in an insignificant building just west of the gate to Palace of Heavenly Purity in the Forbidden City. Why there were more and more Han Chinese admitted into the Grand Council?

In the 1640s, Russian troops launched large-scale invasions into the main-land of China, occupying such northeastern areas as Yakesa雅克萨 and Nerchinsk涅尔琴斯克. They brazenly厚颜无耻地 plundered掠夺 the areas, severely infringing侵犯 upon the sovereignty主权 of the Qing Dynasty and endangering both life and property. Qing troops waged two counterattacks in Yakesa in 1685 and 1686, defeating the Russian troops, who were forced to agree to a peace talk with only dozens of remaining soldiers. In 1689, both parties signed the Treaty of Nerchinsk, finalizing Qing sovereignty over the drainage areas of the Heilong and Wusuli乌苏里 rivers, including Kuyedao库页岛 (Sakhalin Island). The treaty also provided that traveling business-men of both countries could cross the borders for trade by presenting their passports. After the signing of the Treaty of Nerchinsk, the eastern part of the border areas between China and Russia enjoyed a relatively peaceful and stable situation that greatly facilitated bilateral trade. Which one was not a part of Qing dynasty’s territorial expanding or consolidation enterprises?

In the 1640s, Russian troops launched large-scale invasions into the main-land of China, occupying such northeastern areas as Yakesa雅克萨 and Nerchinsk涅尔琴斯克. They brazenly厚颜无耻地 plundered掠夺 the areas, severely infringing侵犯 upon the sovereignty主权 of the Qing Dynasty and endangering both life and property. Qing troops waged two counterattacks in Yakesa in 1685 and 1686, defeating the Russian troops, who were forced to agree to a peace talk with only dozens of remaining soldiers. In 1689, both parties signed the Treaty of Nerchinsk, finalizing Qing sovereignty over the drainage areas of the Heilong and Wusuli乌苏里 rivers, including Kuyedao库页岛 (Sakhalin Island). The treaty also provided that traveling business-men of both countries could cross the borders for trade by presenting their passports. After the signing of the Treaty of Nerchinsk, the eastern part of the border areas between China and Russia enjoyed a relatively peaceful and stable situation that greatly facilitated bilateral trade. What was not a correct understanding comparing the Song-Liao relationship and that of Qing-Russia?