are stable, valued, recurring patterns of behavior that govern behavior of individuals that are well-established arrangements and structures that are part of the culture or society, e.g., competitive markets, the banking system, kids’ allowances, customary tipping, and a system of property rights are examples of economic institutions.

(a)  

are internal company expenses which arise from the actions of an agent acting on behalf of a principal or owner.

(a)  

capital flows moving to countries with higher interest rates and/or expected changes in exchange rates.

(a)  

the simultaneous buying and selling of securities, currency, or commodities in different markets or in derivative forms in order to take advantage of differing prices for the same asset.

(a)  

is an economic concept that states that the price of an identical asset or commodity will have the same price globally, regardless of location, when certain factors are considered.

(a)  

an increase in the number of highly trained, foreign-born professionals entering a country to live and work where greater opportunities are offered via immigration

(a)  

a decrease in the number of highly trained or intelligent people from a particular country via emmigraton

(a)  

refers to an entity created by treaty, involving two or more nations, to work in good faith, on issues of common interest. In the absence of a treaty an IGO does not exist in the legal sense.

(a)  

is where two businesses at different upstream or downstream stages of the supply chain join together.

(a)  

is the merger or acquisition of a business operating at the same level of the value chain in the same industry

(a)  

the sequence of processes involved in the production and distribution of a commodity.

(a)  

describes the full range of activities that firms engage in to bring a product from its conception to its end use and beyond

(a)  

are disincentives that tend to discourage joint action by individuals in the pursuit of a common goal.

(a)  

refers to the deliberate dismantling—and eventual re-creation elsewhere—of some of the sprawling cross-border supply chains that have defined globalization

(a)  

the removal or loosening of restrictions on something, typically an economic or political system.

(a)  

a term used to descirbe the rapid growth of manufacturing capabilities in Asia where goods are exported to the rest of the rich world for consumption.

(a)  

a political approach that favors free-market capitalism, deregulation, and reduction in government spending.

(a)  

a set of ten economic policy prescriptions considered to constitute the "standard" reform package for developing countries.

(a)  

An additional 10 points added to the original Washington Consensus to address instituional preparedness in developing countries

(a)  

is a.k.a. The “China Model” and advocates for a blend between national control and ownership of resources and economic activities alongside private entrepreneurs.

(a)  

A hypothesized development model for the ASEAN region, grounded in a sense of shared vision and commitment to the region’s common prosperity to bolster ASEAN’s global economic and political position in the decades to come.

(a)  

is a firm that has minimal negative impact or potentially a positive effect on the global or local environment, community, society, or economy—a business that strives to meet the triple bottom line.

(a)  

(TBL) or (3BL) is an accounting framework that incorporates three dimensions of performance: social, environmental and financial. Often the (TBL) is also known as people, planet, and profit (3Ps) .

(a)  

Using Environmental, Social, and Corporate Governance factors to evaluate companies and countries alongside traditional financial measures to indicate how advanced an entity is in achieving the goal of sustainability.

(a)  

The Sustainable Development Goals were adopted by the United Nations in 2015 and are a collection of 17 interlinked global goals designed to be a "blueprint to achieve a better and more sustainable future for all".

(a)  

a model of production and consumption, which involves sharing, leasing, reusing, repairing, refurbishing and recycling existing materials and products as long as possible by turning waste in the supply chain into usable materials.

(a)  

The (a)   Washing Consensus was an additional 10 points added to the original Washington Consensus to address institutional preparedness Consensus to address institutional preparedness in developing countries.

An ESG framework uses ________, ________, and Corporate ________ factors

(a)