the economic theory that trade generates wealth and is stimulated by the accumulation of profitable balances, which a government should encourage by means of protectionism.

a meeting of the voters of a town for the transaction of public business.

A form of labor in which a person is contracted to work without salary for a specific number of years

a crop produced for its commercial value rather than for use by the grower.

a multilateral system of trading in which a country pays for its imports from one country by its exports to another.

the sea journey undertaken by slave ships from West Africa to the West Indies.

a European intellectual movement of the late 17th and 18th centuries emphasizing reason and individualism rather than tradition. It was heavily influenced by 17th-century philosophers such as Descartes, Locke, and Newton, and its prominent exponents include Kant, Goethe, Voltaire, Rousseau, and Adam Smith.

a series of Christian revivals that swept Britain and its thirteen North American colonies in the 1730s and 1740s. The revival movement permanently affected Protestantism as adherents strove to renew individual piety and religious devotion

laws relating to slavery and enslaved people, specifically regarding the Atlantic slave trade and chattel slavery in the Americas.

allowed its North American colonies to be left largely on their own with little British interference

an act regulating stamp duty (a tax on the legal recognition of documents).

a series of legislative bodies, with some executive function, for thirteen of Britain's colonies in North America, and the newly declared United States just before, during, and after the American Revolutionary War

a collection of American political organizations that sought to coordinate opposition to British Parliament and, later, support for American independence.

political organization active in the Thirteen American Colonies founded to advance the rights of the colonists and to fight taxation by the British government

a form of irregular warfare in which small groups of combatants, such as paramilitary personnel, armed civilians, or irregulars, use military tactics including ambushes, sabotage, raids, petty warfare, hit-and-run tactics, and mobility,

the original constitution of the US, ratified in 1781, which was replaced by the US Constitution in 1789.

an agreement reached during the Constitutional Convention of 1787 that in part defined the legislative structure and representation each state would have under the United States Constitution

series of 85 essays on the proposed new Constitution of the United States and on the nature of republican government

concept of a government limited in power. It is a key concept in the history of liberalism