It was not until the whole German nation was likely to be swept into the Protestant orbit that any of the popes saw the need for reform.

Clement VII summoned a council in the city of Trent in 1545

The purpose of the Council of Trent was to redifine the doctrines of the Catholic Church.

The Council of Trent reaffirmed that good works were held to be as necessary for salvation as faith.

The activities of the Jesuits helped the Protestants to be successful.

Ignatius Loyola, who founded the Society of Jesus in 1534, was a Spanish monk all his life.

The Society of Jesus was a company of soldiers sworn to defend the faith.

A very important activity of the Jesuits was education.

The most immediate effect of the Catholic Reformation was a rise in religious toleration.

The Roman Inquisition was founded in 1542.

The prevalent attitudes of intolerance led to prolonged religious warfare between Catholics and Protestants.

The religious wars in France were settled in 1598 when the Catholic king, Henry VII, issued the Edict of Nantes guaranteeing freedom of conscience to Protestants.

The Renaissance had distorted the curricula of the schools into an emphasis upon Green and Latin and on restricting education to aristocracy.

The Lutherans, Calvinists, and Jesuits, ambitious to propagate their respective doctrines, establishe schools for the masses.