Difference in hyperplasia and hypertrophy

Allows the body to eliminate injurious agents, contain injuries, and heal defects

(a)  

Physical barriers

Mechanical defenses

Antibacterial activity

Removal of foreign substances

Inflammation process

(a)  

Physical barriers

(a)  

Mechanical defense

(a)  

Antibacterial activity

(a)  

Removal of foreign substances

(a)  

Inflammation process

(a)  

Nonspecific response

•Extent and duration of injury determine extent and duration of inflammatory response

•Local or systemic

•Acute, chronic, or combination

(a)  

Redness

➢Heat

➢Swelling

➢Pain

➢Loss of normal tissue function

(a)  

Polymorphonuclear leukocytes=?

(a)  

monocytes circulating in blood =

(a)  

seen in chronic inflammation

(a)  

seen in both inflammation and immune response

(a)  

Rapid destruction of teeth as a result of:

–Methamphetamine acid content

–Decreased salivary flow

–Cravings for high-sugar beverages

–Lack of oral hygiene

(a)  

Loss of tooth structure as a result of chemicals, without bacterial involvement

•Tooth structure may be lost around a restoration, making the restoration stand out, distinguishing it from abrasion or attrition

(a)  

Cause: Microfracture of tooth structure in areas of concentration of stress

➢May be related to fatigue, flexure, fracture, and deformation of tooth structure

➢May occur in combination with abrasion

•Appearance: Typically appears as wedge-shaped lesions at the cervical areas of teeth

•Preventive treatment: Fabricating an acrylic splint

(a)  

Grinding and clenching teeth for nonfunctional purposes, such as:

➢Occlusal interferences

➢Stress

➢Tension

➢Seizure disorders

(a)  

Pathologic wearing away of tooth structure that results from a repetitive mechanical habit

•Most frequently seen as a notching on root surfaces with gingival recession

(a)  

Neutrophils function

(a)  

Multilobed nucleus and granular cytoplasm that contains lysosomal enzymes

(a)  

Constitute 60% to 70% of WBC population

•Derived from stem cells in bone marrow

(a)  

Single nucleus and do not have granular cytoplasm

(a)  

Constitute 3% to 8% of WBC population

•Derived from stem cells in bone marrow

•Longer lifespan than neutrophils

(a)  

Cause many of the events in the inflammatory response

➢Basic mediators can recruit other mediators and immune mechanisms

➢Escalates overall process

•May be derived from:

➢Blood

➢Endothelial cells

➢White blood cells and platelets

➢Pathogenic organisms as they injure the tissue

(a)  

Active in early phases of inflammation

•Activated by substances in plasma and injured tissue

•Causes increased:

➢Dilation of blood vessels at the site of injury

➢Permeability of local blood vessels

•Induces pain

•Primarily Bradykinin

(a)  

Clots blood and mediates inflammation

➢Forms fibrous network to protect adjacent tissues

➢Helps stop bleeding at site

➢Future framework for repair process

(a)  

Controlled by the hypothalamus

•Pyrogens

➢Fever-producing substances produced by WBCs and pathogens

➢Pyrogens act on the hypothalamus

(a)  

Systemic inflammatory 10,000-30,000/mm3 of blood.

(a)  

Increase in lymphocytes

(a)  

Increase in neutrophils

(a)  

Increase in eosinophils

(a)  

Enlarged and palpable superficial lymph nodes

•Changes in lymphocytes (primary cells of the immune response)

(a)  

Caused by persistent injuries

•Repair cannot be completed until source of injury is removed

•Cells involved

➢ Macrophages

➢ Lymphocytes

➢ Plasma cells

➢ Neutrophils

➢ Monocytes

➢ Fibroblasts

(a)  

Anti-inflammatory therapy:

Acetylsalicylic acid (aspirin)

➢Ibuprofen

(a)  

Process by which injured tissue is replaced with tissue identical to that present before the injury

(a)  

A decrease in size or function of a cell, tissue, organ, or entire body

(a)  

Produced in the liver

•Interacts with the complement system and the clotting mechanism

•Levels can be used to help assess rheumatoid arthritis and systemic lupus erythematosus

•Used to monitor tissue healing

•Used as early infection detection system

•Chronically increased level is associated with an increased risk for cardiovascular disease

•Possible marker for periodontal disease

(a)  

Body’s attempt to provide more cells

(a)  

Involves the production of a sequential cascade of plasma proteins

➢Present in blood in an inactive form

➢Usually triggered by an antibody-antigen complex that initiates the sequence of steps

➢Function in inflammation and immunity

•Some components cause WBCs known as mast cellsto release histamine

➢Histamine causes an increase in vascular permeability and vasodilation

•Other components cause cell death, form chemotactic factors for WBCs, and enhance phagocytosis

(a)  

Excessive proliferation of chronically inflamed dental pulp tissue

(a)  

Occurs in teeth with large, open carious lesions often in primary and permanent molars

➢Usually asymptomatic

➢“Red or pink nodule of tissue that often fills the entire cavity of tooth”

➢Treatment:  Endodontic therapy or Extraction

(a)  

Reactive response to:

➢Local irritants

➢Hormonal changes

➢Drugs

➢Hereditary conditions

➢Idiopathic factors

➢Leukemia

(a)  

An increase in the bulk of free and attached gingiva

•Rounded gingival margins

•Color may vary from normal pink to pale or erythematous

•May be generalized or localized & mild to severe

(a)  

-Denture-induced hyperplasia

-May be necessary to remove before new appliance is made

(a)