2. One purpose of academic writing is to argue a specific point.

3. In definition, the author provides several details of something to give the reader a mental picture.

4. In academic writing the effect is usually presented first to achieve a more dramatic effect.

5. Contrast is used to see how two objects or items are alike while comparison is to identify their differences.

In numbers 6-10 identify the letter of the correct answer.

6. It examines, evaluates, and makes an argument about a certain literary work.

7. It is the condensed version of a passage, which retains the essential information of the original text. 

8. These are written in all disciplines and may be evaluative, analytical, or critical in nature. 

9. This is a principle of outlining that entails that all headings and subheadings should preserve parallel structures. 

10. It is a structure of an outline that uses complete sentences for all entries; uses correct punctuation. 

In numbers 11-15 read each passage and identify the academic text structure used in each item.

11.  There is nothing worse than being trapped in your car, waiting in the middle of a traffic jam. It is frustrating, knowing that there is nothing you can do and that you are going to be late to work. Traffic jams often occur during rush hour or right after a large event because there are more cars on the road than normal. Traffic jams can also be caused by car accidents or road construction. They usually occur on major roads that many people use to travel to work or school. Traffic jams are a problem because they make people late for work or school, they can cause car accidents, and they are frustrating. How can we reduce the number of traffic jams? Possible solutions include carpooling or using public transportation. The best way to solve traffic jams is by using public transportation because it will be efficient, economical, and reliable.

12. Video game addiction is a serious problem in many parts of the world today and deserves more attention. It is no secret that children and adults in many countries throughout the world, including Japan, China, and the United States, play video games every day. Most players are able to limit their usage in ways that do not interfere with their daily lives, but many others have developed an addiction to playing video games and suffer detrimental effects.

13. Citigroup is a large financial services company that operates worldwide, providing banking and credit card services in 140 countries. At one point, it was the largest company and bank in the world, factoring in total assets; after the economic downturn of 2008, it became the 24th biggest company in terms of assets, after receiving an economic bailout from the US government. Citigroup, as it stands now, is the product of a merger of banking company Citicorp and the financial group Travelers Group, forming Citigroup in 1998. It is a global service exporter, meaning that it provides international support for finances on a worldwide scale, gaining a substantial profit from them, as well as a large global image as a provider of financial services (Boone and Kurtz, p. 207).

14. Local TV interviewers come in two varieties. One is a bulimic blond person with a deviated septum and a severe cognitive disorder who went into broadcasting because he or she was too emotionally disturbed for telephone sales work. The other variety is suave, sagacious, grossly overqualified for the job, and too depressed to talk to you. Good local TV people are always depressed because their field is so crowded.

15. Gluten is often the scare of dieters. It is recommended almost universally to cut back on gluten and sugars when trying to lose weight. What is so fattening about them and what exactly is gluten anyway? Gluten is a type of protein found in many types of foods, but mostly those in grains. This substance makes sure these grains maintain their shape and holds food together. Glutens commonly are present in wheat, barley, rye, tritacle, and oats. In the following paragraphs, more detail will be given about the exact foods that have gluten and the components of this material.