a reference to something literary, mythological, or historical that the author assumes the reader will recognize.

an argument attacking an individual’s character rather than his or her position on an issue.

a comparison of two different things that are similar in some way.

repetition of the same word or group of words at the beginning of successive

epetition of the same word or group of words at the beginning of successive clauses (Example from the great Richard D. Bury: “In books I find the dead as if they were alive; in books I foresee things to come; in books warlike affairs are set forth; from books come forth the laws of peace.”)

a comparison of two different things that are similar in some way.

a reference to something literary, mythological, or historical that the author assumes the reader will recognize.

a brief narrative that focuses on a particular incident or event

the word, phrase, or clause to which a pronoun refers 8. Antithesis—a statement in which two opposing ideas are balanced

a brief narrative that focuses on a particular incident or event

repetition of the same word or group of words at the beginning of successive clauses (Example from the great Richard D. Bury: “In books I find the dead as if they were alive; in books I foresee things to come; in books warlike affairs are set forth; from books come forth the laws of peace.”)

a comparison of two different things that are similar in some way.

the word, phrase, or clause to which a pronoun refers

a brief narrative that focuses on a particular incident or event

repetition of the same word or group of words at the beginning of successive clauses (Example from the great Richard D. Bury: “In books I find the dead as if they were alive; in books I foresee things to come; in books warlike affairs are set forth; from books come forth the laws of peace.”)

a statement in which two opposing ideas are balanced

the word, phrase, or clause to which a pronoun refers

a brief narrative that focuses on a particular incident or event

a statement in which two opposing ideas are balanced

a concise, statement that expresses succinctly a general truth or idea, often using rhyme or balance

the word, phrase, or clause to which a pronoun refers

a statement in which two opposing ideas are balanced

a concise, statement that expresses succinctly a general truth or idea, often using rhyme or balance

a construction in which elements are presented in a series without

a construction in which elements are presented in a series without conjunctions (“They spent the day wondering, searching, thinking, understanding.”)

a statement in which two opposing ideas are balanced

a concise, statement that expresses succinctly a general truth or idea, often using rhyme or balance

a sentence in which words, phrases, or clauses are set off against each other to emphasize a contrast (George Orwell: “If thought corrupts language, language can also corrupt thought.”)

a concise, statement that expresses succinctly a general truth or idea, often using rhyme or balance

a construction in which elements are presented in a series without conjunctions (“They spent the day wondering, searching, thinking, understanding.”)

a sentence in which words, phrases, or clauses are set off against each other to emphasize a contrast (George Orwell: “If thought corrupts language, language can also corrupt thought.”)

a statement consisting of two parallel parts in which the second part is structurally reversed (“Susan walked in, and out rushed Mary.”)

a sentence in which words, phrases, or clauses are set off against each other to emphasize a contrast (George Orwell: “If thought corrupts language, language can also corrupt thought.”)

a construction in which elements are presented in a series without conjunctions (“They spent the day wondering, searching, thinking, understanding.”)

a statement consisting of two parallel parts in which the second part is structurally reversed (“Susan walked in, and out rushed Mary.”)

an expression that has been overused to the extent that its freshness has worn off (“the time of my life”, “at the droop of a hat”, etc.)

a statement consisting of two parallel parts in which the second part is structurally reversed (“Susan walked in, and out rushed Mary.”)

an expression that has been overused to the extent that its freshness has worn off (“the time of my life”, “at the droop of a hat”, etc.)

a sentence in which words, phrases, or clauses are set off against each other to emphasize a contrast (George Orwell: “If thought corrupts language, language can also corrupt thought.”)

generally, the arrangement of words, phrases, or clauses in an order of increasing importance, often in parallel structure (“The concerto was applauded at the house of Baron von Schnooty, it was praised highly at court, it was voted best concerto of the year by the Academy, it was considered by Mozart the highlight of his career, and it has become known today as the best concerto in the world.”)

generally, the arrangement of words, phrases, or clauses in an order of increasing importance, often in parallel structure (“The concerto was applauded at the house of Baron von Schnooty, it was praised highly at court, it was voted best concerto of the year by the Academy, it was considered by Mozart the highlight of his career, and it has become known today as the best concerto in the world.”)

an expression that has been overused to the extent that its freshness has worn off (“the time of my life”, “at the droop of a hat”, etc.)

a statement consisting of two parallel parts in which the second part is structurally reversed (“Susan walked in, and out rushed Mary.”)

informal words or expressions not usually acceptable in formal writing

an expression that has been overused to the extent that its freshness has worn off (“the time of my life”, “at the droop of a hat”, etc.)

generally, the arrangement of words, phrases, or clauses in an order of increasing importance, often in parallel structure (“The concerto was applauded at the house of Baron von Schnooty, it was praised highly at court, it was voted best concerto of the year by the Academy, it was considered by Mozart the highlight of his career, and it has become known today as the best concerto in the world.”)

informal words or expressions not usually acceptable in formal writing

a sentence with one independent clause and at least one dependent clause

a sentence with one independent clause and at least one dependent clause

a sentence with two or more coordinate independent clauses, often joined by one or more conjunctions

informal words or expressions not usually acceptable in formal writing

sentence with two or more principal clauses and one or more subordinate clauses

a sentence with one independent clause and at least one dependent clause

a sentence with two or more coordinate independent clauses, often joined by one or more conjunctions

a sentence with two or more principal clauses and one or more subordinate clauses

a sentence with two or more principal clauses and one or more subordinate clauses

generally, the arrangement of words, phrases, or clauses in an order of increasing importance, often in parallel structure (“The concerto was applauded at the house of Baron von Schnooty, it was praised highly at court, it was voted best concerto of the year by the Academy, it was considered by Mozart the highlight of his career, and it has become known today as the best concerto in the world.”)

informal words or expressions not usually acceptable in formal writing

a sentence with two or more coordinate independent clauses, often joined by one or more conjunctions

a sentence with two or more principal clauses and one or more subordinate clauses

a sentence with two or more principal clauses and one or more subordinate clauses

a sentence with two or more coordinate independent clauses, often joined by one or more conjunctions

informal words or expressions not usually acceptable in formal writing

details that relate to or describe actual, specific things or events

a sentence with two or more principal clauses and one or more subordinate clauses

details that relate to or describe actual, specific things or events

he implied or associative meaning of a word (slender vs. skinny; cheap vs. thrifty)

a sentence in which the main independent clause is elaborated by the successive addition of modifying clauses or phrases (Jonathan Swift, A Modest Proposal: “I have been assured by a very knowing American friend of my acquaintance in London, that a young healthy child well nursed is at a year old a most delicious, nourishing, and wholesome food, whether stewed, roasted, baked or boiled; and I make no doubt that it will equally serve in a fricassee or a ragout.”)

the implied or associative meaning of a word (slender vs. skinny; cheap vs. thrifty)

sentence in which the main independent clause is elaborated by the successive addition of modifying clauses or phrases (Jonathan Swift, A Modest Proposal: “I have been assured by a very knowing American friend of my acquaintance in London, that a young healthy child well nursed is at a year old a most delicious, nourishing, and wholesome food, whether stewed, roasted, baked or boiled; and I make no doubt that it will equally serve in a fricassee or a ragout.”)

a sentence that makes a statement or declaration

details that relate to or describe actual, specific things or events

a sentence that makes a statement or declaration

a sentence in which the main independent clause is elaborated by the successive addition of modifying clauses or phrases (Jonathan Swift, A Modest Proposal: “I have been assured by a very knowing American friend of my acquaintance in London, that a young healthy child well nursed is at a year old a most delicious, nourishing, and wholesome food, whether stewed, roasted, baked or boiled; and I make no doubt that it will equally serve in a fricassee or a ragout.”)

the implied or associative meaning of a word (slender vs. skinny; cheap vs. thrifty)

reasoning in which a conclusion is reached by stating a general principleandthen applyingthatprincipletoaspecificcase(Thesunriseseverymorning; therefore, the sun will rise on Tuesday morning.)

a sentence in which the main independent clause is elaborated by the successive addition of modifying clauses or phrases (Jonathan Swift, A Modest Proposal: “I have been assured by a very knowing American friend of my acquaintance in London, that a young healthy child well nursed is at a year old a most delicious, nourishing, and wholesome food, whether stewed, roasted, baked or boiled; and I make no doubt that it will equally serve in a fricassee or a ragout.”)

a sentence that makes a statement or declaration

reasoning in which a conclusion is reached by stating a general principleandthen applyingthatprincipletoaspecificcase(Thesunriseseverymorning; therefore, the sun will rise on Tuesday morning.)

the literal meaning of a word

a sentence that makes a statement or declaration

reasoning in which a conclusion is reached by stating a general principleandthen applyingthatprincipletoaspecificcase(Thesunriseseverymorning; therefore, the sun will rise on Tuesday morning.)

the literal meaning of a word

a variety of speech characterized by its own particular grammar or pronunciation, often associated with a particular geographical region (“Y’all” = Southern dialect)

a variety of speech characterized by its own particular grammar or pronunciation, often associated with a particular geographical region (“Y’all” = Southern dialect)

—the literal meaning of a word

reasoning in which a conclusion is reached by stating a general principleandthen applyingthatprincipletoaspecificcase(Thesunriseseverymorning; therefore, the sun will rise on Tuesday morning.)

the word choices made by a writer (diction can be described as formal, semi-formal, ornate, informal, technical, etc.)

a variety of speech characterized by its own particular grammar or pronunciation, often associated with a particular geographical region (“Y’all” = Southern dialect)

the word choices made by a writer (diction can be described as formal, semi-formal, ornate, informal, technical, etc.)

the literal meaning of a word

having the primary purpose of teaching or instructing

the word choices made by a writer (diction can be described as formal, semi-formal, ornate, informal, technical, etc.)

having the primary purpose of teaching or instructing

the omission of a word or phrase which is grammatically necessary but can be deduced from the context (“Some people prefer cats; others, dogs.”)

a variety of speech characterized by its own particular grammar or pronunciation, often associated with a particular geographical region (“Y’all” = Southern dialect)

the word choices made by a writer (diction can be described as formal, semi-formal, ornate, informal, technical, etc.)

having the primary purpose of teaching or instructing

a brief, pithy, and often paradoxical saying

the omission of a word or phrase which is grammatically necessary but can be deduced from the context (“Some people prefer cats; others, dogs.”)

the omission of a word or phrase which is grammatically necessary but can be deduced from the context (“Some people prefer cats; others, dogs.”)

a brief, pithy, and often paradoxical saying

having the primary purpose of teaching or instructing

the persuasive appeal of one’s character, or credibility

an indirect, less offensive way of saying something that is considered unpleasant

—a brief, pithy, and often paradoxical saying

the persuasive appeal of one’s character, or credibility

the omission of a word or phrase which is grammatically necessary but can be deduced from the context (“Some people prefer cats; others, dogs.”)

the persuasive appeal of one’s character, or credibility

a brief, pithy, and often paradoxical saying

an indirect, less offensive way of saying something that is considered unpleasant

a sentence expressing strong feeling, usually punctuated with an exclamation mark

the persuasive appeal of one’s character, or credibility

an indirect, less offensive way of saying something that is considered unpleasant

a sentence expressing strong feeling, usually punctuated with an exclamation mark

language employing one or more figures of speech (simile, metaphor, imagery, etc.)

language employing one or more figures of speech (simile, metaphor, imagery, etc.)

sentence expressing strong feeling, usually punctuated with an exclamation mark

an indirect, less offensive way of saying something that is considered unpleasant

intentional exaggeration to create an effect

the use of figures of speech to create vivid images that appeal to one of the senses

anguage employing one or more figures of speech (simile, metaphor, imagery, etc.)

a sentence that gives a command

a sentence expressing strong feeling, usually punctuated with an exclamation mark

an expression in a given language that cannot be understood from the literal meaning of the words in the expression; or, a regional speech or dialect (“fly on the wall”, “cut to the chase”, etc.)

intentional exaggeration to create an effect

the use of figures of speech to create vivid images that appeal to one of the senses

language employing one or more figures of speech (simile, metaphor, imagery, etc.)

an expression in a given language that cannot be understood from the literal meaning of the words in the expression; or, a regional speech or dialect (“fly on the wall”, “cut to the chase”, etc.)

intentional exaggeration to create an effect

the use of figures of speech to create vivid images that appeal to one of the senses

a sentence that gives a command

an expression in a given language that cannot be understood from the literal meaning of the words in the expression; or, a regional speech or dialect (“fly on the wall”, “cut to the chase”, etc.)

a sentence that gives a command

the use of figures of speech to create vivid images that appeal to one of the senses

a suggestion an author or speaker makes (implies) without stating it directly. NOTE: the author/speaker implies; the reader/audience infers.

a sentence that gives a command

a sentence that gives a command

the use of figures of speech to create vivid images that appeal to one of the senses

deriving general principles from particular facts or instances (“Every cat I have ever seen has four legs; cats are four-legged animals.)

a suggestion an author or speaker makes (implies) without stating it directly. NOTE: the author/speaker implies; the reader/audience infers.

a sentence that gives a command

deriving general principles from particular facts or instances (“Every cat I have ever seen has four legs; cats are four-legged animals.)

a conclusion based on premises or evidence

deriving general principles from particular facts or instances (“Every cat I have ever seen has four legs; cats are four-legged animals.)

a suggestion an author or speaker makes (implies) without stating it directly. NOTE: the author/speaker implies; the reader/audience infers.

a conclusion based on premises or evidence

a sentence that asks a question

a conclusion based on premises or evidence

a sentence that asks a question

deriving general principles from particular facts or instances (“Every cat I have ever seen has four legs; cats are four-legged animals.)

an intensely vehement, highly emotional verbal attack

a sentence that asks a question

an intensely vehement, highly emotional verbal attack

a sentence constructed so that the predicate comes before the subject (ex: In the woods I am walking.)

a conclusion based on premises or evidence

a sentence that asks a question

an intensely vehement, highly emotional verbal attack

a sentence constructed so that the predicate comes before the subject (ex: In the woods I am walking.)

the use of words to convey the opposite of their literal meaning; or,

an intensely vehement, highly emotional verbal attack

he use of words to convey the opposite of their literal meaning; or,

incongruity between what is expected and what actually occurs (situational, verbal, dramatic)

a sentence constructed so that the predicate comes before the subject (ex: In the woods I am walking.)

the specialized language or vocabulary of a particular group or profession

the use of words to convey the opposite of their literal meaning; or,

incongruity between what is expected and what actually occurs (situational, verbal, dramatic)

a sentence constructed so that the predicate comes before the subject (ex: In the woods I am walking.)

the specialized language or vocabulary of a particular group or profession

placing two elements side by side to present a comparison or contrast

placing two elements side by side to present a comparison or contrast

the specialized language or vocabulary of a particular group or profession

the use of words to convey the opposite of their literal meaning; or,

incongruity between what is expected and what actually occurs (situational, verbal, dramatic)

a type of understatement in which an idea is expressed by negating its opposite (describing a particularly horrific scene by saying, “It was not a pretty picture.”)

appeal to reason or logic

placing two elements side by side to present a comparison or contrast

the specialized language or vocabulary of a particular group or profession

a concise statement, often offering advice; an adage

a type of understatement in which an idea is expressed by negating its opposite (describing a particularly horrific scene by saying, “It was not a pretty picture.”)

appeal to reason or logic

the mistaken substitution of one word for another word that sounds similar (“The doctor wrote a subscription.”)

placing two elements side by side to present a comparison or contrast

a type of understatement in which an idea is expressed by negating its opposite (describing a particularly horrific scene by saying, “It was not a pretty picture.”)

appeal to reason or logic

the mistaken substitution of one word for another word that sounds similar (“The doctor wrote a subscription.”)

a concise statement, often offering advice; an adage

the mistaken substitution of one word for another word that sounds similar (“The doctor wrote a subscription.”)

appeal to reason or logic

a concise statement, often offering advice; an adage

a direct comparison of two different things

—a concise statement, often offering advice; an adage

the mistaken substitution of one word for another word that sounds similar (“The doctor wrote a subscription.”)

a direct comparison of two different things

substituting the name of one object for another object closely associated with it (“The pen [writing] is mightier than the sword [war/fighting].)

a concise statement, often offering advice; an adage

a direct comparison of two different things

substituting the name of one object for another object closely associated with it (“The pen [writing] is mightier than the sword [war/fighting].)

he emotional atmosphere of a work

substituting the name of one object for another object closely associated with it (“The pen [writing] is mightier than the sword [war/fighting].)

standard theme, element, or dramatic situation that recurs in various works

a direct comparison of two different things

an inference that does not follow logically from the premises (literally,

“does not follow”)

the emotional atmosphere of a work

a standard theme, element, or dramatic situation that recurs in various works

an inference that does not follow logically from the premises (literally,

“does not follow”)

substituting the name of one object for another object closely associated with it (“The pen [writing] is mightier than the sword [war/fighting].)

substituting the name of one object for another object closely

the emotional atmosphere of a work

a direct comparison of two different things

a concise statement, often offering advice; an adage

an inference that does not follow logically from the premises (literally,

“does not follow”)

a standard theme, element, or dramatic situation that recurs in various works

an apparently contradictory statement that actually contains some truth

(“Whoever loses his life, shall find it.”)

the use of corresponding grammatical or syntactical forms

an apparently contradictory statement that actually contains some truth

(“Whoever loses his life, shall find it.”)

the use of corresponding grammatical or syntactical forms

an inference that does not follow logically from the premises (literally,

“does not follow”)

a comment that interrupts the immediate subject, often to qualify or explain

an apparently contradictory statement that actually contains some truth

(“Whoever loses his life, shall find it.”)

—the use of corresponding grammatical or syntactical forms

a humorous imitation of a serious work (Weird Al Yankovich’s songs, and the Scary Movie series are examples)

a comment that interrupts the immediate subject, often to qualify or explain

a humorous imitation of a serious work (Weird Al Yankovich’s songs, and the Scary Movie series are examples)

a comment that interrupts the immediate subject, often to qualify or explain

the use of corresponding grammatical or syntactical forms

an apparently contradictory statement that actually contains some truth

(“Whoever loses his life, shall find it.”)

a comment that interrupts the immediate subject, often to qualify or explain

the emotional atmosphere of a work

an apparently contradictory statement that actually contains some truth

(“Whoever loses his life, shall find it.”)

a humorous imitation of a serious work (Weird Al Yankovich’s songs, and the Scary Movie series are examples)

a concise statement, often offering advice; an adage

appeal to reason or logic

a comment that interrupts the immediate subject, often to qualify or explain

placing two elements side by side to present a comparison or contrast