A civilization is a complex society that creates agricultural surpluses, allowing for specialized labor, social hierarchy, and the establishment of cities. Developments such as writing, complex religious systems, monumental architecture, and centralized political power have been suggested as identifying markers of civilization, as well.

According to the reading, a civilization needs...

Climatic shifts also led to changes in the distribution and growing patterns of wild grains and other crops on which hunters and gatherers depended. In addition, it is likely that the shift to sedentary farming was prompted in part by an increase in human populations in certain areas.

According to the reading, what caused the distribution of growing crops?

Peoples like the Natufians found their human communities could grow significantly by intensively harvesting grains that grew in the wild. As the population grew, more and more attention was given to the grain harvest, which eventually led to the conscious and systematic cultivation of plants and thus the agrarian revolution.

Based on the statement above, what was the first step early peoples took toward the agrarian revolution?

Climatic changes associated with the retreat of the glaciers at the end of the last Ice Age (about 12,000 B.C.), may have played an important role. These climatic shifts prompted the migration of many big game animals to new pasturelands in northern areas.

What was the main cause of big game animals migrating to northern areas?

Because cultivation of plants requires more labor than hunting and gathering, we can assume that Stone Age humans gave up...

we can assume that Stone Age humans gave up their former ways of life reluctantly and slowly. In fact, peoples such as the Bushmen of Southwest Africa still follow them today. But between about 8000 and 3500 B.C., increasing numbers of humans shifted to dependence on cultivated crops and domesticated animals for their subsistence.

What can we assume about the stone age?

A civilization is a complex society that creates agricultural surpluses, allowing for specialized labor, social hierarchy, and the establishment of cities. Developments such as writing, complex religious systems, monumental architecture, and centralized political power

The first civilizations appeared in major river valleys, where floodplains contained rich soil and the rivers provided irrigation for crops and a means of transportation. Foundational civilizations developed urbanization and complexity without outside influence and without building on a pre-existing civilization, though they did not all develop simultaneously.

According to the statement above, where were civilizations started?

Foundational civilizations developed urbanization and complexity without outside influence and without building on a pre-existing civilization, though they did not all develop simultaneously. Many later civilizations either borrowed elements of, built on, or incorporated—through conquest—other civilizations.

According to the piece of text above, which shows how outside influence affected Civilizations?

Climatic changes associated with the retreat of the glaciers at the end of the last Ice Age (about 12,000 B.C.), may have played an important role. These climatic shifts prompted the migration of many big game animals to new pasturelands in northern areas.

According to the statement above, how would the nigration of big game cause agriculture to arise in the middle east?

Geography alone cannot explain the rise of the first civilizations. The process of agricultural intensification had been going on for thousands of years before the first civilizations appeared, and it is important to remember that while agricultural surpluses were necessary for civilization, their existence in a given place did not guarantee that civilization would develop.

Why is agricultural surplus sometimes lower than the development of a civilization?

A civilization is a complex society that creates agricultural surpluses, allowing for specialized labor, social hierarchy, and the establishment of cities. Developments such as writing, complex religious systems, monumental architecture, and centralized political power have been suggested as identifying markers of civilization, as well.

According to the statement above, what are suggested as identifying markers for a civilization?