Yes

No

Yes

No

True

False

Yes

No

Yes

No

Yes

No

Use the least # of decimal points

Use the least number of sig figs

Use the least # of decimal points

Use the least number of sig figs

$$10^9$$  

$$10^6$$  

$$10^3$$  

$$10^2$$  

$$10^9$$  

$$10^6$$  

$$10^3$$  

$$10^2$$  

$$10^9$$  

$$10^6$$  

$$10^3$$  

$$10^2$$  

$$10^9$$  

$$10^6$$  

$$10^3$$  

$$10^2$$  

$$10^1$$  

$$10^{-1}$$  

$$10^{-2}$$  

$$10^{-3}$$  

$$10^1$$  

$$10^{-1}$$  

$$10^{-2}$$  

$$10^{-3}$$  

$$10^1$$  

$$10^{-1}$$  

$$10^{-2}$$  

$$10^{-3}$$  

$$10^1$$  

$$10^{-1}$$  

$$10^{-2}$$  

$$10^{-3}$$  

$$10^1$$  

$$10^{-1}$$  

$$10^{-2}$$  

$$10^{-3}$$  

$$10^{-6}$$  

$$10^{-9}$$  

$$10^{-6}$$  

$$10^{-9}$$  

Report the digits you know and one digit of uncertainty

It has a uniform composition and distinct properties

A combination of 2 or more substances. Substances still have individual properties and can be separated by physical means.

Same composition without

Report the digits you know and one digit of uncertainty

It has a uniform composition and distinct properties

A combination of 2 or more substances. Substances still have individual properties and can be separated by physical means.

Report the digits you know and one digit of uncertainty

It has a uniform composition and distinct properties

A combination of 2 or more substances. Substances still have individual properties and can be separated by physical means.

Same composition throughout

Variable composition

Cannot be separated into smaller substances by chemical means (One type of atom)

2 or more elements chemically combined in fixed ratios (more than one type of atom)

Same composition throughout

Variable composition

Cannot be separated into smaller substances by chemical means (One type of atom)

2 or more elements chemically combined in fixed ratios (more than one type of atom)

Same composition throughout

Variable composition

Cannot be separated into smaller substances by chemical means (One type of atom)

2 or more elements chemically combined in fixed ratios (more than one type of atom)

Same composition throughout

Variable composition

Cannot be separated into smaller substances by chemical means (One type of atom)

2 or more elements chemically combined in fixed ratios (more than one type of atom)

Constant volume and shape. Particles vibrate in place

Constant volume with the shape of the bottom of the container. Random particle movement with the container.

Variable shape and volume that fills container. Random particle movement.

Constant volume and shape. Particles vibrate in place

Constant volume with the shape of the bottom of the container. Random particle movement with the container.

Variable shape and volume that fills container. Random particle movement.

Constant volume and shape. Particles vibrate in place

Constant volume with the shape of the bottom of the container. Random particle movement with the container.

Variable shape and volume that fills container. Random particle movement.

Temperature is a measure of the average kinetic energy of particles of matter.

Heat is kinetic energy transferred from a sample of

matter at a higher temp to a sample of matter at a lower

temp

Stored, gravitational energy

Chemical--from the composition of matter

Temperature is a measure of the average kinetic energy of particles of matter.

Heat is kinetic energy transferred from a sample of

matter at a higher temp to a sample of matter at a lower

temp

Stored, gravitational energy

Chemical--from the composition of matter

Temperature is related to the average kinetic energy of the

atoms and molecules of a material. So the higher the temperature, the more kinetic energy and movement.

can be measured WITHOUT changing the composition/ identity of the substance

can be measured only when a chemical change occurs

Temperature is related to the average kinetic energy of the

atoms and molecules of a material. So the higher the temperature, the more kinetic energy and movement.

can be measured WITHOUT changing the composition/ identity of the substance

can be measured only when a chemical change occurs

Temperature is related to the average kinetic energy of the

atoms and molecules of a material. So the higher the temperature, the more kinetic energy and movement.

can be measured WITHOUT changing the composition/ identity of the substance

can be measured only when a chemical change occurs

Color, melting point, boiling point, density, etc

Flammability, acidity, basicity, reactivity with various other chemicals

Color, melting point, boiling point, density, etc

Flammability, acidity, basicity, reactivity with various other chemicals

Involves formation of one or more new substances that have different physical and chemical properties than original

chemical reactions

all possible chemical changes for a substance

A change in the physical properties of a substance without a change in chemical composition

Involves formation of one or more new substances that have different physical and chemical properties than original

chemical reactions

all possible chemical changes for a substance

A change in the physical properties of a substance without a change in chemical composition

Involves formation of one or more new substances that have different physical and chemical properties than original

chemical reactions

all possible chemical changes for a substance

A change in the physical properties of a substance without a change in chemical composition

Involves formation of one or more new substances that have different physical and chemical properties than original

chemical reactions

all possible chemical changes for a substance

A change in the physical properties of a substance without a change in chemical composition

Gives off heat/energy ex: condensing or freezing

Takes in heat/energy ex: melting or boiling

Gives off heat/energy ex: condensing or freezing

Takes in heat/energy ex: melting or boiling

Increases

Decreases

Increases

Decreases

Subatomic particles that constitute the fundamental building blocks of ordinary matter

found in the nucleus with a positive charge

found in the nucleus with no charge

found outside the nucleus with a negative charge

Subatomic particles that constitute the fundamental building blocks of ordinary matter

found in the nucleus with a positive charge

found in the nucleus with no charge

found outside the nucleus with a negative charge

Subatomic particles that constitute the fundamental building blocks of ordinary matter

found in the nucleus with a positive charge

found in the nucleus with no charge

found outside the nucleus with a negative charge

Subatomic particles that constitute the fundamental building blocks of ordinary matter

found in the nucleus with a positive charge

found in the nucleus with no charge

found outside the nucleus with a negative charge

Used to express the relative mass of atoms and subatomic particles

1 Dalton (Da) = the mass of 1 proton or the mass of 1 neutron (same-ish mass)

Charge

Mass

Used to express the relative mass of atoms and subatomic particles

1 Dalton (Da) = the mass of 1 proton or the mass of 1 neutron (same-ish mass)

Charge

Mass

Charge

Mass

Charge

Mass

Atoms with the same # of protons but a different # of neutrons (Same element, different mass)

Atomic mass

Atomic number

Atoms with the same # of protons but a different # of neutrons (Same element, different mass)

Atomic mass

Atomic number

Atoms with the same # of protons but a different # of neutrons (Same element, different mass)

Atomic mass

Atomic number

total number of nucleons (protons + neutrons) in the nucleus

the number of protons in the nucleus; determines the identity of the element

total number of nucleons (protons + neutrons) in the nucleus

the number of protons in the nucleus; determines the identity of the element

Naturally occurring isotopes

Relative occurrence of each isotope

Mendeleev in 1869

When elements are arranged in order of increasing atomic number, certain sets of properties recur periodically

# of protons and # of electrons

1. Look at the periodic table to find the atomic number or number of protons

2. Put the # of protons in the nucleus and the same number as electrons in the "cloud space"

3. Take the atomic mass #-the # of protons to get the # of neutrons

Mendeleev in 1869

When elements are arranged in order of increasing atomic number, certain sets of properties recur periodically

# of protons and # of electrons

Mendeleev in 1869

When elements are arranged in order of increasing atomic number, certain sets of properties recur periodically

the # of protons and the # of electrons

Metals

Metalloids

Nonmetals

Metals

Metalloids

Nonmetals

Metals

Metalloids

Nonmetals

The # of protons + the # of neutrons or the atomic mass

in the nucleus

a release of subatomic particles and/or energy

unstable atoms

The # of protons + the # of neutrons or the atomic mass

in the nucleus

a release of subatomic particles and/or energy

unstable atoms

The # of protons + the # of neutrons or the atomic mass

in the nucleus

a release of subatomic particles and/or energy

unstable atoms

The # of protons + the # of neutrons or the atomic mass

in the nucleus

a release of subatomic particles and/or energy

unstable atoms

Mirrors the nucleus of a helium-4 atom but is an alpha particle instead, so Alpha replaces where the He would be

The charge is 2+

The mass number is 4

Change of the reactant atom: proton number goes down by 2, mass number down by 4

Identical to the charge and mass of an electron

The charge is -1

The mass number is 0

The reactant atom proton number goes up by 1

Same mass as β particle, but opposite charge

The charge is +1

The mass number is 0

The reactant atom proton number goes down by 1

The charge is 0

The mass number is 0

The reactant atom will not change

When at atom loses or gains electron to become an ion, they do so to get to an “octet” (8) of electrons in their outer most energy level

Noble gases

1872

When at atom loses or gains electron to become an ion, they do so to get to an “octet” (8) of electrons in their outer most energy level

Noble gases

1872

When at atom loses or gains electron to become an ion, they do so to get to an “octet” (8) of electrons in their outer most energy level

Noble gases

1872

Top to bottom

Left to right

Top to bottom

Left to right

Shiny solids; conduct heat and electricity; are malleable and ductile

Solids, liquids and gases; nonconductors; solids are brittle

metals; called f-block – separated due to f orbitals and similar reactivity

Shiny solids (like metals); brittle (like nonmetals); semiconductors

Shiny solids; conduct heat and electricity; are malleable and ductile

Solids, liquids and gases; nonconductors; solids are brittle

metals; called f-block – separated due to f orbitals and similar reactivity

Shiny solids (like metals); brittle (like nonmetals); semiconductors

Shiny solids; conduct heat and electricity; are malleable and ductile

Solids, liquids and gases; nonconductors; solids are brittle

metals; called f-block – separated due to f orbitals and similar reactivity

Shiny solids (like metals); brittle (like nonmetals); semiconductors

Shiny solids; conduct heat and electricity; are malleable and ductile

Solids, liquids and gases; nonconductors; solids are brittle

metals; called f-block – separated due to f orbitals and similar reactivity

Shiny solids (like metals); brittle (like nonmetals); semiconductors

The electrons

As a “cloud” but some electrons stay closer to the nucleus and some are farther

the “address” of the e-

the n level

The electrons

As a “cloud” but some electrons stay closer to the nucleus and some are farther

the “address” of the e-

the n level

The electrons

As a “cloud” but some electrons stay closer to the nucleus and some are farther

the “address” of the e-

the n level

The electrons

As a “cloud” but some electrons stay closer to the nucleus and some are farther

the “address” of the e-

the n level

Describes the energy level or “shell”

the distance from the nucleus

the periods (period 1 is n=1)

Describes the energy level or “shell”

the distance from the nucleus

the periods (period 1 is n=1)

Describes the energy level or “shell”

the distance from the nucleus

the periods (period 1 is n=1)

2

s

f

The inner shell electron screens the outer shell electron

2

s

f

The inner shell electron screens the outer shell electron

2

s

f

The inner shell electron screens the outer shell electron

2

s

f

The inner shell electron screens the outer shell electron

one (2 e- max)

three (6 e- max)

five (10 e- max)

seven (14 e- max)

one (2 e- max)

three (6 e- max)

five (10 e- max)

seven (14 e- max)

one (2 e- max)

three (6 e- max)

five (10 e- max)

seven (14 e- max)

one (2 e- max)

three (6 e- max)

five (10 e- max)

seven (14 e- max)

1. Write the max number of electrons after the letter orbital ( $$1s^2$$  )

2. Divide by the n level $$\left(\frac{1s^2}{1}\right)$$  

3. Continue for each n level that correlates to the period $$\left(\frac{2s^2}{2}\ or\ \frac{3p^6\ 4s^2}{4}\right)$$  

electrons in highest energy level of an atom

repeating patterns found in the periodic table

physical and chemical properties

electron arrangements

electrons in highest energy level of an atom

repeating patterns found in the periodic table

physical and chemical properties

electron arrangements

physical and chemical properties

electron arrangements

Group number (as group number increase, they increase)

Lewis dot structures

Principal quantum number (n)

Effective nuclear charge (Z* or Zeff)

Group number (as group number increase, they increase)

Lewis dot structures

Principal quantum number (n)

Effective nuclear charge (Z* or Zeff)

Principal quantum number (n)

Effective nuclear charge (Z* or $$Z_{eff}$$  )

How close can we get them without bonding? and take ½ distance between nuclei = r

They are bonded and take ½ distance between nuclei = r

How close can we get them without bonding? and take ½ distance between nuclei = r

They are bonded and take ½ distance between nuclei = r

True

False

True

False

What is present (what atoms/ions)

How many atoms/ions of each are present

when electrons from different atoms interact

to become more stable and like an octet or noble gas configuration

valence electrons

core electrons

when electrons from different atoms interact

to become more stable and like an octet or noble gas configuration

valence electrons

core electrons

when electrons from different atoms interact

to become more stable and like an octet or noble gas configuration

valence electrons

core electrons

when electrons from different atoms interact

to become more stable and like an octet or noble gas configuration

valence electrons

core electrons

atom (or group of atoms) with a net positive/negative charge

ion with a positive charge

ion with a negative charge

atom (or group of atoms) with a net positive/negative charge

ion with a positive charge

ion with a negative charge

atom (or group of atoms) with a net positive/negative charge

ion with a positive charge

ion with a negative charge

cation

anion

ionic

covalent

cation

anion

ionic

covalent

cation

anion

ionic

covalent

cation

anion

ionic

covalent

Charge of cation is equal in magnitude to Group #

Charge of anion is equal to (Group # - 8

Charge of cation is equal in magnitude to Group #

Charge of anion is equal to (Group # - 8

compounds formed when cations and anions join together (held together by equal but opposite charges)

No discrete molecules

Occur in repeating formula units

Chemical formula represents ratio of cation to anion

Elements or compounds

Atomic or molecular

Molecular or ionic

Elements or compounds

Atomic or molecular

Molecular or ionic

Elements or compounds

Atomic or molecular

Molecular or ionic

True

False

Name cation 1st (usually metal) and then anion 2nd with ide

Name cation 1st (metal or NH4 1+) and then anion 2nd.... but Polyatomic keeps its name and the nonmetal gets -ide

can form more than one type of ion

Name cation 1st (metal) then the charge of the cation in () and using roman numerals. Then the base name of the anion with ide.

Name cation 1st (usually metal) and then anion 2nd with ide

Name cation 1st (metal or NH4 1+) and then anion 2nd.... but Polyatomic keeps its name and the nonmetal gets -ide

can form more than one type of ion

Name cation 1st (metal) then the charge of the cation in () and using roman numerals. Then the base name of the anion with ide.

Name cation 1st (usually metal) and then anion 2nd with ide

Name cation 1st (metal or NH4 1+) and then anion 2nd.... but Polyatomic keeps its name and the nonmetal gets -ide

can form more than one type of ion

Name cation 1st (metal) then the charge of the cation in () and using roman numerals. Then the base name of the anion with ide.

Name cation 1st (usually metal) and then anion 2nd with ide

Name cation 1st (metal or NH4 1+) and then anion 2nd.... but Polyatomic keeps its name and the nonmetal gets -ide

can form more than one type of ion

Name cation 1st (metal) then the charge of the cation in () and using roman numerals. Then the base name of the anion with ide.

compounds held together by only covalent bonds

Name 1st element with the prefix and then the 2nd element with the prefix and end in ide

compounds held together by only covalent bonds

Name 1st element (furthest left or lowest) with the prefix and then the 2nd element with the prefix and end in ide

$$H_3O^+$$  

$$OH^-$$  

$$CO_3^{\ \ 2}-$$  

$$NO_3^-$$  

$$H_3O^+$$  

$$OH^-$$  

$$CO_3^{\ \ 2}-$$  

$$NO_3^-$$  

$$H_3O^+$$  

$$OH^-$$  

$$CO_3^{\ \ 2}-$$  

$$NO_3^-$$  

$$H_3O^+$$  

$$OH^-$$  

$$CO_3^{\ \ 2}-$$  

$$NO_3^-$$  

$$SO_{4\ }^{\ 2}-$$  

$$NH_4^+$$  

$$PO_4^3-$$  

$$SO_{4\ }^{\ 2}-$$  

$$NH_4^+$$  

$$PO_4^3-$$  

$$SO_{4\ }^{\ 2}-$$  

$$NH_4^+$$  

$$PO_4^3-$$  

v e- needed-v e- present/2

Distribute remaining e- to surrounding atoms to give each an octet including lone pairs

Check, # Bonds, #e-, formal charge • If there are not enough e- to complete octets, remove a lone pair from one surrounding atom and try a double bond, then triple bond.

v e- needed-v e- present/2

Distribute remaining e- to surrounding atoms to give each an octet including lone pairs

Check, # Bonds, #e-, formal charge • If there are not enough e- to complete octets, remove a lone pair from one surrounding atom and try a double bond, then triple bond.

v e- needed-v e- present/2

Distribute remaining e- to surrounding atoms to give each an octet including lone pairs

Check, # Bonds, #e-, formal charge • If there are not enough e- to complete octets, remove a lone pair from one surrounding atom and try a double bond, then triple bond.

Amount of energy that must be attained by reactants for a chemical reaction to occur

Spark ignites methane (gas burner)

arrow from the reactants to the highest

the number of reactants that are converted to products in a given time

Amount of energy that must be attained by reactants for a chemical reaction to occur

Spark ignites methane (gas burner)

arrow from the reactants to the highest

the number of reactants that are converted to products in a given time

Amount of energy that must be attained by reactants for a chemical reaction to occur

Spark ignites methane (gas burner)

arrow from the reactants to the highest

the number of reactants that are converted to products in a given time

Amount of energy that must be attained by reactants for a chemical reaction to occur

Spark ignites methane (gas burner)

arrow from the reactants to the highest

the number of reactants that are converted to products in a given time

Rust

Hydrogen explosion

slower

faster

Rust

Hydrogen explosion

slower

faster

Rust

Hydrogen explosion

slower

faster

Rust

Hydrogen explosion

slower

faster

Concentration

Temperature (heat)

Presence of a catalyst

faster

slower

True

False

faster

slower

True

False

True

False

Heat energy causes particles to move faster, thus have higher kinetic energy

Greater kinetic energy leads to more collisions with more energy.

For every 10 °C increase, a reaction rate roughly doubles.

Lower temperatures = slower reaction

They increase the rate of the reaction by decreasing the activation energy

Provide alternate pathway between reactants and products

Are indicated by name over the reaction arrow

They increase the rate of the reaction by decreasing the activation energy

Provide alternate pathway between reactants and products

Are indicated by name over the reaction arrow

They increase the rate of the reaction by decreasing the activation energy

Provide alternate pathway between reactants and products

Are indicated by name over the reaction arrow

Do NOT affect heat of reaction, ΔHrxn.

Are NOT reactants, are not consumed by the reaction, but can be used over and over.

Often provide a surface for reactants to bind in proper orientation

Biological catalysts that are large 3-D biomolecules

Most are proteins composed of many C, H, N, O, and S plus some Zn or Mg.

Greatly increase reaction rates (105 to 1017 times)

converts reactants into products.

converts products into reactants

When the rate of forward reaction equals the rate of the reverse reaction

the concentrations of reactants and products are constant

converts reactants into products.

converts products into reactants

When the rate of forward reaction equals the rate of the reverse reaction

the concentrations of reactants and products are constant

converts reactants into products.

converts products into reactants

When the rate of forward reaction equals the rate of the reverse reaction

the concentrations of reactants and products are constant

converts reactants into products.

converts products into reactants

When the rate of forward reaction equals the rate of the reverse reaction

the concentrations of reactants and products are constant

the lowest energy for the reaction mixture

Reaction favors products

Reaction favors reactants

Size

the lowest energy for the reaction mixture

Reaction favors products

Reaction favors reactants

Size

the lowest energy for the reaction mixture

Reaction favors products

Reaction favors reactants

Size

the lowest energy for the reaction mixture

Reaction favors products

Reaction favors reactants

Size