it is an isintegral part of psychology and other behavioral sciences, so statistics and statistical concepts are used every day. Therefore, to understand your chosen field of study, you must understand statistics. You’ve already experienced this if you’ve ever read a published research article—you probably skipped the section titled “Results.” Now you won’t have to

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tools used in research. They are needed because the behavioral sciences are based on empirical research. The word empirical means that knowledge is obtained through observation and measurement, and behavioral research measures behaviors. Such measurement results in numbers, or scores.

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scores obtained in research are the (a)  

s defined as a branch of mathematics which deals with the collection, organization, presentation, analysis and interpretation of numerical data for the purpose of assisting in making a more effective decision.

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refers to the process of gathering numerical information

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refers to the exposition and arrangement of data in an appropriate tables and graphs. Graphical presentation includes bar graphs, frequency polygon, pie-graphs and many others.

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refers to the activity of describing the properties, characteristics or behavior of the data or the possible correlation of different quantities or variables of the data gathered

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refers to the activities that involve explanation of the meaning of the statistical finding for the formation of valid conclusions and inferences. Such methods involve testing the significance of the results. Correct interpretation of results will lead to a valid conclusion of the study and hence can aid in taking correct decisions.

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To (a)   the different ways of how people behave. It is the accurate and detailed record of behavioral observations

To (a)   the various causes of why certain processes and behavior occurs.

To (a)   how the organism will behave in a certain situation

To (a)   an organism’s behavior and mental processes by learning how to modify or alter undesirable behavior

is the methods of collecting, classifying, graphing, and averaging the data. The objective is simply describing and summarizing the important features, properties or characteristics of the data on hand without attempting to give inference. It include the computation of measures of central tendency, measures of central location, likewise the measures of dispersion or variability. It also includes the construction of tables and graph

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demands a higher order of critical judgment and mathematical methods. Its main concern is to analyze the organized data leading to prediction of inferences. This includes the testing of the significant relationship between the dependent and the independent variables as well as the significant differences between and among independent samples

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_________ is the set of all the individuals of interest in a particular study. _________can obviously vary in size from extremely large to very small, depending on how the researcher defines the _______. The _____- being studied should always be identified by the researcher. In addition, the population need not consist of people—it could be a population of rats, corporations, parts produced in a factory, or anything else

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is the method of getting a small part from the population

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serves as the representative of the population

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Simple random sampling Statistics, Stratified sampling, Cluster sampling, Multi-stage sampling

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is the naturally occurring discrepancy, or error, that exists between a sample statistic and the corresponding population parameter.

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A characteristic that describes a population—for example, the average score for the population—is called a (a)  

(a)   usually derived from measurements of the individuals in the sample.

(a)   a characteristic or condition that changes or has different values for different individuals.

are measurements or observations.

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a collection of measurements or observations.

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is a single measurement or observation and is commonly called a score or raw score

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data measured by the researcher agency that published it.

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any republication of data by another agency

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information that relates to the operations and functions of the organization collecting data

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– information that relates to some activity outside the organization collecting data

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consists of separate, indivisible categories. No values can exist between two neighboring categories.

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there are an infinite number of possible values that fall between any two observed values. A (a)   variable is divisible into an infinite number of fractional parts.

are used as measures of identity. Examples: gender, yes and no answers, religion, political parties, address and more of such categories.

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used in measurement like ranking individuals or objects

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are numbers that reflect differences among items. Examples: score in a test, grades of students, ages, blood pressures, Fahrenheit and Celsius thermometers. R

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is the highest type of scale. The basic difference between the interval and ratio scale is that ratio has additional feature of an absolute zero point

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Measuring a variable in research stud typically yields a value or a score for each individual.

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are the original, unchanged scores obtained in the study.

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a particular variable are represented by the letter X

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Many of the computations required in statistics involve adding a set of scores. B

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the word (a)   means that knowledge is obtained through observation and measurement, and behavioral research measures behaviors. Such measurement results in numbers, or scores.

The area of inferential statistics called (a)   is a decision-making process for evaluating the statements about population, based on the information gathered from the samples

is an organized tabulation of the number of individuals located in each category on the scale of measurement. It presents the score values and their frequency of occurrence. When presented in a table, the score values are listed in rank order, with the lowest score value usually at the bottom of the table. The purpose of constructing a table is to obtain relatively simple, organized picture of the data. This can be accomplished by grouping the scores into intervals and then listing the intervals in the table instead of listing each individual score.

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the proportion of that is made up by a score’s simple frequency. Relative frequency indicates the proportion of the time (out of N) that a score occurred

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A distribution showing the relative frequency of all scores

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is the frequency of all scores at or below a particular score

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the percent of all scores in the data that are at or below the score

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s basically a picture of the information available in a frequency distribution table.

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are constructed far apart rather than connected because categories are not continuous.

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bars should be connected to show the degree of difference.

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is a bar graph (for Interval data and ratio data) should be joined to emphasize the degree of differences among the different steps distribution

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(a)   is prepared by making a histogram, plotting the points using the frequency and the midpoints, and connecting the points by straight lines.

statistical measure to determine a single score that defines the center of a distribution. The goal of central tendency is to identify the “average” or “typical” of the entire group. There are three measures (a)   : mean, median and mode

The arithmetic mean or arithmetic average is defined as the sum of the values of the variables divided by the number of observations. The definition is the same for both sample and the population, although we use different symbols to refer each kind.

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most common measure of central tendency. It is simply the sum of the scores divided by the number of scores. The symbol “𝜇” is used for the ________of a population. The symbol “𝑿̅” is used for the ___________of a sample

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The ______is the midpoint of a distribution: the same number of score is above the ________as below it. Simply it is the middle score.

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the most frequently occurring value. Count the number of times each scores occurs and pick the score with most occurrences. When we use nominal scales and discrete variables it is better to use the (a)   .

the true lower limit.

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can only be used with interval or ratio scales

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affected by every score in the distribution, and it can be strongly affected by outliers.

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It may not be a good descriptive statistic for a skewed distribution, but it plays an important role in advanced statistics

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can be found with any scale of measurement

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; it is the only measure of typicality that can be used with a nominal scale

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The (a)   can be used with ordinal, as well as interval/ratio, scales. It can even be used with scales that have open-ended categories at either end (e.g., 10 or more). I

. It is not greatly affected by outliers, and it can be a good descriptive statistic for a strongly skewed distribution

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