18th Century Era of progress focused on using rational thought to explain human thought, governments, and how the universe works

A ruler with absolute power who justified their rule by the ideas of the enlightenment and tried to use their power to enact positive reforms -Focused on social reform, and laws that generally benefited the general society -Combatted serfdom, implemented more fair taxes, religious freedom Examples: Frederick the Great, Catherine the Great, Maria Theresa, Joseph II

Philosophe who described natural rights as life liberty property and said people had duty to revolt if those rights were not protected.

Philosophe who believed in separation of religion from state, was anti-organized religion and wrote Candide

Philosophe who wrote Spirit of Laws and suggested idea of 3 branches of government

Philosophe who wrote "Encyclopedia" with D'Almbert; philosophe

Controlled the Catholic church closely, granted religious toleration and civic rights to Protestants and Jews, abolished serfdom, and declared one language over the nation, created a secret police

King of France during Seven Year War; created Maupeau parliament to try to enact reforms (failed); made taille, a land tax paid only by peasants

Ruler of Russia who created the Nakaz, which was not enacted, based on ideas from Montesquieu

an anti-racist revolutionary who wrote "Reflections on Negro Slavery" and believed slavery was a crime (punishable by death) and equality under the law

Phase of Revolution from 1789-1793. From Calling of Estates General to execution of the King. -the "Moderate Phase" where constitutional monarchy created, but largely benefited middle class.

After the third estate got kicked out of Versailles they met up nearby and wrote this, where they agreed to create a constitution and make a national assembly. June 20th 1989

On July 14, 1789, the National Assembly felt threatened that the king would disband them, so they stormed this prison

Name for pre-revolutionary France, which was divided into 3 Estates and had massive wealth inequality

King of France who called the Estates General and was eventually executed after many attempts to turn back the tide of revolution

Austrian princess who was villified by the French public for excessive spending and blamed for many problems.

Debated whether to vote by estate instead or by head.

The Clergy -This was 2% percent of the population.

The nobles. About 2% of the population who owned much of the country's wealth

Everyone who was not part of the clergy or nobility: peasants, urban poor, wealthy merchants, businessmen. 97% of population

Wrote "What is the Third Estate?" and helped create "the Declaration of the Rights of Man and the Citizen"

Said the 3rd Estate had been nothing until now but demanded a place in society. Written by Sieyes

French word for "middle class" The first phase of the revolution is named after this class because they were largely driving the reforms.

When the peasants were afraid the manor owners would start confiscating their food, they revolted first. Revolutionary fervor that swept countryside.

Created by the Tennis Court Oath, they made major reforms in the Bourgeois phase and were acting as a legislative branch until the Constitution of 1791 was created and they were replaced by the National Convention

series of 19 government orders that ended feudalism, abolished titles, classified all frenchmen as equal, and granted freedom of worship. -The Bourgeoisie still have benefits though, since peasants owe landlords

Document that laid out the basic natural rights of all French Citizens. Did not address question of whether women, Jews and free Black people were citizens. Became foundational document of human rights.

Political activist who wrote "The Declaration of the Rights of Woman" in 1791 and was executed during the Terror

The violence of this march led the King and his wife to move from Versailles to Paris, forcing the king's actions to have to revolve around what people wanted

Outbreak of violence in Paris that began with the March of the Women and led to a week of rebellion and violence.