The OS provides a variety of facilities and services in the form of utility programs, such as editors and debuggers, for program development, which is also referred to as application program development tools.

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The OS handles different processes, such as loading data into the memory and scheduling, which must be performed to execute programs.

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·         The OS provides a uniform interface that hides complex sets of instructions for I/O devices' operation.

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The OS encompasses a detailed understanding of the structure of data contained in a file storage and can provide some protection mechanisms to control file access.

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The OS controls access to the whole system and to some specific system resources through access functions and authorizations.

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The OS can detect errors, such as device failure and software errors, and provide appropriate responses that would clear the error condition with the least impact on running applications.

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The OS must be able to collect usage statistics from various processes, such as response time, that can be used as a basis for system performance improvements.

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defines the collection of machine language instructions that a computer can follow.

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defines a standard for binary portability across programs.

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allows a program to the hardware resources and services available in a system through that ISA, supplemented with high-level language library calls. It also enables easier porting of application software.

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Computers are run from a console consisting of display lights, toggle switches, an input device, and a printer.

(a)  

Serial processing presented two (2) main problems which are:

(a)  

Installations used a hardcopy sign-up sheet to reserve computer time. A user could sign up for an allocated block of time, but is unable to maximize the allocation. Thus, resulting in wasted computer processing time.

(a)  

A single program, called a job, involves numerous sequenced set-up processes that involve mounting and dismounting of tapes and setting up card decks. If an error occurred, the user had to go back to the beginning of the setup sequence. Thus, a considerable amount of time was spent in setting up the program before it even runs.

(a)  

To improve processor utilization, the concept of batch operating system was developed in the mid-1950s by General Motors Research Laboratories. It processed jobs in bulk, with predetermined input from files or other data resources.

(a)  

This kind of operating system is more sophisticated compared to single- programmed systems. Several ready-to-run jobs must be kept in the main memory, requiring some form of memory management. If several jobs are ready to run, the processor decides which one to run, and that decision requires a specific algorithm for scheduling. It basically allows the processor to handle multiple jobs at a time.

(a)  

multiple users simultaneously access the system through terminals, with the operating system interleaving the execution of each user program in a short burst time or quantum computation.

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one of the first time- sharing operating systems that was developed.

(a)  

Major theoretical advances in the development of operating systems mainly involve four (4) areas:

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an operating environment extension to the primitive MS-DOS operating system (OS), which was a successful OS used on early personal computers.

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This contains the core OS modules/services for specific functions and provides an API for user-mode software.

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This provides a framework through which I/O devices are accessible to applications.

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This improves the performance of file-based I/O by allowing recently referenced file data to reside in the main memory for quick access.

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This creates, manages, and deletes Windows Executive objects that are used to represent resources such as processes, threads, and synchronization objects, while enforcing uniform rules for retaining, naming, and setting the security of the objects.

(a)  

This determines which drivers are required to support a particular device and loads those drivers.

(a)  

This coordinates the power consumption among various devices. It can be configured to reduce power by shutting down idle devices or the entire system, or setting the processor to sleep.

(a)  

This enforces the access validation and audit-generation rules for all protected objects including files, processes, address spaces, and I/O devices.

(a)  

This manages virtual addresses, physical memory, and paging files on a disk.

(a)  

This creates, manages, and deletes processes and thread objects.

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This is responsible for implementing and managing the system registry, which serves as the repository for both system-wide and per-user settings of various parameters.

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This implements an efficient cross-process call mechanism for communication between local processes implementing services and subsystems.

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This is considered the core software of the OS. It controls the execution of the processors. This manages thread scheduling, process switching, exception and interrupt handling, and multiprocessor synchronization. Note that the Kernel's own code does not run in threads.

(a)  

This isolates the OS from platform-specific hardware variances. It makes each computer's system bus, direct memory access (DMA) controller, interrupt controller, system timers, and memory controller look the same to the Windows Executive and Kernel components.

(a)  

These are dynamic libraries that extend the functionality of the Windows Executive.

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This implements the graphical user interface (GUI), such as the user interface controls and illustrations.

(a)  

User-mode processes:

(a)  

system that was developed at Bell Labs which was partly written in assembly language and was later converted into C language.

(a)  

The architecture of a classic UNIX has three (3) levels:

(a)  

This supports system calls from applications, other interface software, and the components of the C compiler, such as the compiler itself, the assembler, and the loader.

(a)  

a new system implementation that would unify significant innovations and modern design features, which lead to the development of the modular architecture

(a)  

 A joint development by AT&T and Sun Microsystems. The system kernel of this operating system has a clean implementation.

(a)  

is a free open-source variant of the UNIX operating system, that is fully featured and runs virtually on different platforms. It is highly modular and easy to configure, which provides optimal performance in a wide variety of hardware platforms.

(a)  

Who created the Linux?

(a)  

The Linux operating system is composed of independent blocks called (a)  

the two (2) vital characteristics of the Linux loadable modules:

(a)  

a Linux-based system originally designed for mobile phones.

(a)  

It is a unique identifier for each process.

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It indicates the current activity of a process.

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The process is being created.

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The process is waiting to be assigned to a processor.

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The instructions are being executed.

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The process is waiting for a particular event to occur.

(a)  

The process has finished the execution.

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It refers to the priority level relative to other processes.

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It indicates the address of the next instruction to be executed for a particular process.

(a)  

It contains pointers to program codes and data associated with the process, including any memory blocks shared with other processes.

(a)  

These are the data present in a processor's registers during process execution.

(a)  

This includes different information associated with the input/output status of a process, such as the outstanding I/O requests and I/O devices assigned to the process.

(a)  

This includes different tracking information associated with the process, such as the amount of processor time, the clock time used, and time limits.

(a)  

The elements of a process are stored in a data structure called (a)  

These are used to keep track of both the main and the secondary memory. A part of the main memory is reserved for OS utilization, while the remaining parts are available for the processes' utilization.

(a)  

These are used by the OS to manage the input and output devices and channels of a computer system at any given point in time.

(a)  

These are used by the OS to manage the input and output devices and channels of a computer system at any given point in time.

(a)  

These tables are maintained by the OS to manage processes.

(a)  

a process must include a program to be executed. Associated to this program is a set of data locations for local and global variables and any defined constants.

(a)  

A multiprogramming system requires a great deal of information about each process that resides in a process control block.

(a)  

This involves unique numeric identifiers that are assigned to specific processes, which can simply be an index into a primary process table, or identifiers for cross-referencing process tables.

(a)  

This consists of processor registers' information.

(a)  

This contains the additional information needed by the OS to control and coordinate various active processes, such as the data structure, resource ownership and utilization information, and process privileges.

(a)  

Specific processes require certain privileges in order to protect the hardware and the OS from impending malfunction.

(a)  

This is referred to as the less-privileged mode, since user programs execute in this mode.

(a)  

This is referred to as the more-privileged mode, where the software has complete control of the processor and its instructions, registers, and memory.

(a)  

When a new process is to be added to those currently being managed, the operating system builds the data structure that will manage the process and allocates address space in the main memory for the process.

(a)  

When the operating system controls the currently running processes, a process switch may occur at any time.

(a)  

A batch job may include a halt instruction or an explicit OS service call for termination.

(a)