Which type of reproduction requires fertilization (sperm and egg to fuse)?

If a cell is described as 2N it is a _________ cell.

If a cell is described as n it is a _______ cell.

Sex cells are known as (sperm and eggs)

Skin, stomach, and nerve cells are known as

Which of the following is NOT an advantage of asexual reproduction?

The Red Queen hypothesis describes all the following except...

Before replication, germ cells have how many chromosomes?

After replication, germ cells have how many chromatids?

After meiosis, gamete cells have how many chromatids?

In sexual reproduction where do the chromosomes come from

Mitosis produces ______ daughter cells that are identical to the parent cell.

Meiosis produces ______ daughter cells that are unique from each other and the parent cell.

What cell is used to produce gametes?

Mitosis produces cells that are

Meiosis produces cells that are

Before mitosis or meiosis, what stage must take place?

DNA Replication takes place before both meiosis I and meiosis II.

Select the processes that take place during meiosis that contribute to genetic variation

Crossing over takes place during

Independent assortment takes place in

Meiosis I is all about separating

Meiosis II is all about separating

Which round of meiosis is similar to mitosis?

Meiosis reduces chromosome number by half. This is why it is referred to as a _________________ process.

Identify the phase where chromosomes condense, nuclear envelope disappears, spindles form, and crossing over takes place.

Identify the phase where pairs of homologous chromosomes move to the equator.

Identify the phase where pairs of homologous chromosomes move away to the opposite parts of the cell.

Identify the phase where pairs of homologous chromosomes gather at the poles and cytoplasm splits into two cells.

Identify the phase where spindles form, nucleus disappears, and centrioles move to the poles.

Identify the phase where sister chromatids line up at the equator.

Identify the phase where sister chromatids move away to the opposite ends of the cell.

Identify the phase where nucleus reforms, spindle breaks down, and cytoplasm splits to produce a total of 4 cells.

When homologous pairs line up in close interaction it is called

When homologous chromosomes exchange genetic material they are referred to as ______________ chromosomes.

Some homologous chromosomes exchange genetic material and some do not. When they don't exchange genetic material they are referred to as ______________ chromosomes.

The point of contact where non-sister chromatids exchange genetic material is known as

When homologous chromosomes pairs line up in metaphase I they do so at random. This is known as

If an organism gametes contain 4 chromosomes, then how many combinations could be made based on independent assortment?

If an organism diploid cells contain 16 chromosomes, then how many combinations could be made based on independent assortment?

X-inactivation can only take place in

The X chromosome that undergoes inactivation is known as

This refers to the number of chromosomes in a cell

If an organism has the correct number of chromosomes per cell they are

If an organism has the incorrect number of chromosomes per cell they are

If an organism has three or more sets of chromosomes per cell they are

This image is known as a

This karyotype is of a

This karyotype is of a

If a gamete experiences the loss of a chromosome due to nondisjunction it is known as

If a gamete experiences the gain of a chromosome due to nondisjunction it is known as

This karyotype belongs to an individual that has

This karyotype belongs to an individual with

This karyotype belongs to an individual with

If an individual is aneuploidy and is said to have "XO" for their sex chromosomes they have

If an individual is aneuploidy and is said to have "XXY" for their sex chromosomes they have

When a chromosome segment breaks from the chromosome, reverses its orientation, and then reattaches in it's original position it is known as an

When a chromosome segment breaks from a chromosome and reattaches to a nonhomologous chromosome it is known as a

When a chromosome segment is copied it is known as a

When a chromosome segment is deleted it is known as a

Polyploidy is common in

Which life cycle is defined as the dominant stage being diploid

Which life cycle is defined as the dominant stage being haploid

Which life cycle has both stages apparent

The science of heredity and variation in living organisms

The field of biology that studies the structure and function of genes at a molecular level

A set of basic principles relating to the transmission of hereditary characteristics from parent organisms to their children.

Who is the father of genetics?

Mendel was praised during his time for his work with pea plants.

When characteristics can be seen as a range of small differences among indviduals ("blend" of parents")?

When characteristics can be seen as one of two distinguishable trait)?

Mendel experimented with

Select the advantages of using pea plants

Mendel is the father of genetics becuase of his work we know:

Mendel studied how many characteristics of pea plants?

Which of the following are characteristic that were studied by Mendel?

Which generation consists of true-breeders that only produce one trait for a gene?

Which generation consists of hybrid progeny that show only the dominant trait?

Which generation consists of offspring from hybrid plants undergoing self-fertilization?

Which of the following is NOT a hypothesis Medel came up with?

The physical expression of a trait

The genetic makeup of an individual

A unit of inheritance

alternative form of a single gene

When both alleles inherited are capital (S S)

When both alleles inherited are lowercase (s s)

When the alleles inherited are different (S s)

The predictive tool used to determine genotypic and phenotypic ratios of offspring

Capital letters represent the ________________ trait.

Lowercase letters represent the ________________ trait.

Which Punnett Square cross is used to study one characteristic?

Which Punnett Square cross is used to study two characteristic?

In heterozygotes, one trait conceals the other trait it is which inheritance pattern?

Heterozygous individuals show a blending of traits; it is which inheritance pattern?

Heterozygous individuals show both traits; it is which inheritance pattern?

When more than two alleles exist for a trait it is which inheritance pattern?

Inheritance of traits that lie on sex chromosomes is which inheritance pattern?

Inheritance of traits that are governed by more than one gene is which inheritance pattern?

When one gene interferes with the expression of another gene it is which inheritance pattern?

If genes are linked it violates the law of independent assortment.

When true breeding pea plants are crossed the offspring are all _____________.

In Mendel's studies of monohybrid crosses, when the F1 generation underwent self fertilization the offspring showed the following genotypic ratio?

In Mendel's studies of monohybrid crosses, when the F1 generation underwent self fertilization the offspring showed the following phenotypic ratio?

In pea plants, flowers that bud on the top of the plant (terminal position) is dominant, and flowers that bud on the sides of the plant (axial position) is recessive. Cross a heterozygous terminal flowering plant with a homozygous terminal flowering plant. Which of the following genotypes is seen in the offspring?

In pea plants, flowers that bud on the top of the plant (terminal position) is dominant, and flowers that bud on the sides of the plant (axial position) is recessive. Cross a heterozygous terminal flowering plant with a homozygous terminal flowering plant. Which of the following phenotypes is seen in the offspring?

This can be used to determine whether an organism expressing the dominant trait is homozygous or heterozygous for the trait.

When completing a test cross, one parent always has to be ____________________?

In Mendel's studies of dihybrid crosses, when the F1 generation underwent self fertilization the offspring showed the following phenotypic ratio?

Genes assort randomly because they are on different chromosomes which algin randomly at the metaphase plate, this is known as the

Each gamete only gets ONE copy of each allele due to the separation of chromosomes during anaphase I, this is known as the

What method can be used to determine the gametes of the parents in a dihybrid cross?

A long neck yellow giraffe (TtYy), mates with a short neck orange giraffe (ttyy). What is the phenotype are seen in the offspring?

A individual will be called a __________ if they are heterozygous for a recessive disease.

X-linked traits affect both males and females because they both will receive at least one X, but it affects females more because they get two.

Y-linked traits only affect males.

Males are considered ___________ because they only have one allele for any X-linked trait.

A woman who is a carrier for hemophilia marries a normal man. What is the genotypic ratio of the offspring?

A woman who is a carrier for hemophilia marries a normal man. What is the phenotypic ratio of the offspring?

In mice, coat color follows this expression Yellow (Y) and white (W) -colored mice are homozygous, while cream-colored mice are heterozygous (YW). This is known as

In mice, coat color follows this expression Yellow (Y) and white (W) -colored mice are homozygous, while cream-colored mice are heterozygous (YW). If two cream-colored mice mate, what percentage of yellow mice are expected?

In mice, coat color follows this expression Yellow (Y) and white (W) -colored mice are homozygous, while cream-colored mice are heterozygous (YW). If two cream-colored mice mate, what percentage of cream mice are expected?

In mice, coat color follows this expression Yellow (Y) and white (W) -colored mice are homozygous, while cream-colored mice are heterozygous (YW). If two cream-colored mice mate, what percentage of white mice are expected?

In some chickens the allele for black coat is B and the allele for white coat is W. The heterozygous phenotype is known as erminette (black and white spotted). This is which type of inheritance?

A black chicken and a white chicken are crossed. All offspring will be

What are the two genotypes possible for a person who has A blood?

What genotype is possible for a person who has O blood?

A woman with heterozygous type A blood is married to a heterozygous type B person, what proportion of their children will have A blood type?

A woman with heterozygous type A blood is married to a heterozygous type B person, what proportion of their children will have B blood type?

A woman with heterozygous type A blood is married to a heterozygous type B person, what proportion of their children will have AB blood type?

A woman with heterozygous type A blood is married to a heterozygous type B person, what proportion of their children will have O blood type?

A man with type AB blood is married to a woman with type O blood. They have two natural children and one adopted child. Jane has type A blood, Bobby has type B blood, and Grace has type O blood. Which child was adopted?

Which of the following traits in humans show polygenic inheritance?

In cats, there is a gene which produces ticked fur (bands of different colors on each hair) called Agouti (H). The recessive allele (h) for this gene produces hair which is a solid color from end to end. In addition, there is a coat color gene which has a recessive albino allele (a) which, in the homozygote, prevents the production of any coat color pigment, resulting in a white cat with pink eyes, the traditional albino. This inheritance pattern is known as

Which of the following scientists contributed to understanding the structure of DNA?

The condensed form of chromatin is known as ____________.

The double helix of DNA is made up of ____________________.

The double helix is wraped around _____________.

The uncondensed form of chromosomes is known as ____________.

The twisted molecule made up of two strands that contains hereditary information is known as ______________.

A nucleotide consists of the following:

Which bases are purines?

Which bases are pyrimidines?

The strands of the double helix run in opposite directions this is known as _____________.

What type of bond is formed between bases?

What makes up the backbone of the double helix?

What base always pairs with thymine?

What base always pairs with cytosine?

If a DNA sequence has the following: 5'ACTCCGAAT3'. What would be the complimentary strand?

Which sugar is found in RNA?

Which sugar is found in DNA?

Which of the following are bases found in DNA?

Which of the following are bases found in RNA?

Which of the following is double stranded?

Which of the following is single stranded?

Which of these is confined to the nucleus?

Which of these is not confined to the nucleus?

In prokaryotes, the entire genome is located on a single chromosome found in the _________ region of the cell.

When DNA is wrapped very tightly it is described as ______________?

Small pieces of non essential DNA commonly found in prokaryotes is known as ___________.

Eukaryotic DNA is separated from everything in the cell becuase it is housed in the __________.

Which stage of DNA replication is described as DNA polymerase adding complimentary base pairs to create a new strand?

Which stage of DNA replication is described as helicase unzipping the double helix?

Which stage of DNA replication is described as when two complementary strands are complete and bound together?

DNA replication is known as ___________________ becuase each new molecule consists of one original strand and one new strand.

Which enzyme unzips DNA separating two stands?

Which enzyme joins small fragments into a continuous chain?

Which enzyme adds complementary nucleotides to the elongating chain?

When DNA polymerase is able to continually add bases until the strand is complete it is known as the _________ strand?

When DNA polymerase cannot continually add bases until the strand is complete it is known as the _________ strand?

On the lagging strand, the pieces of nucleotides that are added are known as __________________.

What is at the end of a DNA strand? It is a repitive sequence that repeats 100-1000 times, and helps to extend the life of a cell.

Telomeres allow for shortening of the DNA to take place without losing necessary genes.

Which enzyme replaces telomere as they are lost after DNA replication?

DNA polymerase has the ability to proofread and replace bases as needed.

If DNA polymerase misses an incorrect base pair, then this mechanism is activated which allows enzymes to recognize incorrect bases and replace them.

To repair incorrect bases the DNA can be unwound and the strands unzipped, the incorrect base with be removed and then replaced by DNA polymerase, this repiar mechanism is known as _____________.

The central dogma describes how DNA is made from proteins.

When DNA is turned into mRNA, it is known as __________.

When mRNA is turned into a polypeptide chain, it is known as __________.

Which processes takes place in the nucleus?

Which processes takes place in the cytoplasm?

Codons are

Initiation, elongation, and termination are all steps for which process

When RNA polymerase binds to the promoter on DNA and causes it to unwind and unzip, it is which stage?

When RNA polymerase moves along the DNA making a complimentary mRNA strand, it is which stage?

When RNA polymerase encounters a terminator sequence, stops transcribing DNA, and releases immature mRNA, it is which stage?

RNA splicing removes _______ from the immature mRNA and joins ________ to produce a continuous mRNA molecule.

These are added to the mRNA moleucle to protect it when it enters the cytoplasm.

mRNA has to travel to the cytoplasm and meet up with a mitochondria to be tranlated.

_________ describes the specific sequence that determines which proteins are made and ultimately dictates structure and function of cells

When more than one codon gives you the same amino acid?

When any one codon codes for only one amino acid?

AUG codes for which amino acid?

UAA, UAG, and UGA code for which amino acid?

UUU code for which amino acid?

CAA code for which amino acid?

Which of the followign RNAs is made by RNA polymerase from the DNA sequence?

Which of the followign RNAs makes up ribosomes?

Which of the following RNAs brings in amino acids and adds them to the growing polypeptide chain?

As tRNA molecules continue to add amino acids to a growing peptide chain and mRNA is read, it is which stage?

tRNA is bound to a specific amino acid, what does a tRNA molecule have that matches up to a condon on mRNA?

When mRNA attaches to the small subunit of a ribosome and is read until "AUG" is found which causes a tRNA and the large subunit to bind is which step of translation?

The peptide chain continues to grow until a stop codon which leads to the dissociation of all machinery and the polypeptide chain?

If a mutation is harmless it is known as a _________ mutation.

All mutations are harmful.

Mutations can be spontaneous or induced by mutagens.

The ability to turn a gene "on" is known as

Prokaryotic gene regulation takes place at which levels

Eukaryotic gene regulation takes place at which levels

In prokaryotes, transcription and translation happen at the same time.