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WorksheetsAP STATS CED UNIT 3
Total questions: 69
Worksheet time: 1hrs 24mins
Runners after an ultramarathon commonly develop respiratory infections. We want to know if taking 600 milligrams of vitamin C daily will reduce these infections. Researchers randomly assigned 100 ultramarathon runners to receive either vitamin C or placebo. All subjects were watched for 14 days after the big race to see if infections developed. What are the possible lurking(confounding) variables?
completely randomized, the treatment is pesticide
randomized block, blocked on tree type, the treatment is pesticide
What are the principles of a well-designed study?
Random Assignment
Control
Replication
Comparison
All of the above
Which experimental method involves studying each and every member of the population of interest?
Sampling
Census
Random Sampling
Block Design
Stephen observed students entering a classroom for class and recorded whether they were in dress code.
What data collection method was used
Observational Study
Experimental Study
Block Design
Randomized
Elise gave each member of the class a random cookie, some from recipe A and some from recipe B. Then she observed which students returned for a second cookie.
What are the treatments in this scenario?
The Students
Students who returned for a cookie
The different cookie types/recipes
Whether the student returned for a second cookie
Elise gave each member of the class a random cookie, some from recipe A and some from recipe B. Then she observed which students returned for a second cookie.
What data collection method was used?
Observational Study
Experiment
Survey
Simulation
Nick stook outside a movie theater and asked many of the patrons if they thought the movie they saw was good.
What data collection was used?
Observational Study
Experiment
Survey
Simulation
A researcher wants to collect information about the number of hours of sleep a high school student in the US gets per day.
What is the population?
Number of Hours of Sleep
High School Students in the US
About 17 billion
The high school students that answer the survey
A group of 100 people with CoVid are asked about where they've traveled recently in order to study the disease transmission
What design type best describes this study?
Retrospective Observational
Prospective Observational
Retrospective Experimental
Prospective Experimental
If a researcher were to interview every 10th student who enters the school in the morning. What type of sampling is this?
simple random
voluntary response
systematic
convenience
If a researcher were to assign each car in a dealership a number and then use a random-number table to select the cars to be inspected, what type of sampling is this?
systematic
simple random sample
convenience
Self - selected (volunteer)
Marianne wanted to know students' opinion on the new schedule at school. She survey's the first 30 students who come into her class. What type of sampling is this?
Convenience Sampling
Systematic Random Sampling
Simple Random Sampling
Volunteer response
This is a form of:
An independent research company wants to go door to door to survey people in the city of Fontana. The company decides to number all blocks within the city limit, randomly choose 1 block and survey all households on that block.
This is an example of:
Simple Random Sample
Stratified Random Sample
Cluster Random Sample
Systematic Random Sampling
A teacher splits her classes up by period. She then randomly picks 3 students from each period to do a survey.
Stratified.
Systematic
Cluster
Biased.
A teacher wants to know how well her students are doing on a topic. She randomly picks one class to survey. What type of sampling is this?
Simple Random
Cluster
Stratified
Systematic
This is a form of:
An independent research company wants to go door to door to survey people in the city of Fontana. The company decides to number all blocks within the city limit, randomly choose 1 block and survey all households on that block.
This is an example of:
Simple Random Sample
Stratified Random Sample
Cluster Random Sample
Systematic Random Sampling
This type of sample is selected by dividing the population into subgroups and then taking a fixed number of units from each group using the simple random sample.
The experimental group is:
Study in which neither the experimenter nor the subjects know if the subjects are in the experimental or control group
study in which the subject do not know if they are in the experimental group or control group
subjects in an experiment who are not subjected to the independent variable and may receive a placebo treatment
the group to which the researchers manipulate the independent variable
They are attempts to establish a cause-and-effect relationship between two variables by manipulating one variable.
Observations
Experiments
Correlations
Self-reports
In an experiment, it is the group that is not exposed to the treatment contrasts with the experimental group and serves as a comparison for evaluating the effect of the treatment.
group of participants
matched pairs group
experimental group
control group
In an experiment, the _________________ variable is tested by the researcher to observe its effect(s) on the _________________ variable.
explanatory; response
first; second
dependent; independent
research; response
Mr. Badalof is conducting an experiment about his students. He claims that different types of clothes have an impact on student test scores.
What is the explanatory variable in his experiment?
Types of clothes
Student test scores
Mr. Badalof's jokes
Mr. Badalof's haircut
control
Response variable
Dependent variable
Conclusion
A 100 year old women named Mary claims that diet reduces disease. What is the dependent variable (thing she is measuring) in her experiment?
Diet
Reduces
Exercise
Disease
Ms. Carson wants to know what the students at NMS's favorite ice-cream flavor is. She asks her students what their favorite flavor is. What is the population?
Students at NMS
Mrs. Carson's students
All staff members at NMS
All 7th grade students
_______ is a part of a group being surveyed.
Sample
Population
Random Sample
Quartile
_______ is the entire group of objects or individuals considered for a survey.
Sample
Population
Random Sample
Quartile
A musician wanted to see what people who listened to his last album thought about the songs. Which choice is the best sample?
Every person who listened to the album.
A selection of people who didn't want to listen to the album
250 girls who listened to the album
A selection of 3,294 people who listened to the album.
Biased or Random?
Chloe and Danna want to determine the favorite subject of all students in the middle school. So they place every middle school student's name in a bucket and choose 30 to poll.
Biased sample
Random sample
You want to take a simple random sample (SRS) of 50 of the 816 students who live in a dormitory on campus. You label the students 001 to 816 in alphabetical order. In the table of random digits, you read the entries (shown in the image).
The first three students in your sample have labels
955, 929, 400
400, 769, 769
559, 294, 007
929, 400, 769
400, 769, 335
The transportation department of a large city wants to estimate the proportion of residents who would use a system of aerial gondolas to commute to work. The gondolas would be part of the city’s effort to relieve traffic congestion. The department asked a random sample of residents whether they would use the gondolas. The residents could respond with yes, no, or maybe. Which of the following is the best description of the method for data collection used by the department?
A census
A sample survey
An experiment with a completely randomized design
An experiment with a randomized block design
An experiment with a matched-pairs design
A television station is interested in predicting whether voters in its viewing area are in favor of offshore drilling. It asks its viewers to phone in and indicate whether they support/are in favor of or are opposed to this practice. Of the 2241 viewers who phoned in, 1574 (70%) were opposed to offshore drilling. The viewers who phoned in are
a voluntary response sample
a convenience sample
a simple random sample
a completely randomized design
a confounding variable
You want to take a simple random sample (SRS) of 50 of the 816 students who live in a dormitory on campus. You label the students 001 to 816 in alphabetical order. In the table of random digits, you read the entries (shown in the image).
The first three students in your sample have labels
955, 929, 400
400, 769, 769
559, 294, 007
929, 400, 769
400, 769, 335
In order to assess the opinion of students at the University of Minnesota on campus snow removal, a reporter for the student newspaper interviews the first 12 students he meets who are willing to express their opinion. The method of sampling used is
a census
a stratified random sample
a voluntary sample
a convenience sample
a simple random sample
The transportation department of a large city wants to estimate the proportion of residents who would use a system of aerial gondolas to commute to work. The gondolas would be part of the city’s effort to relieve traffic congestion. The department asked a random sample of residents whether they would use the gondolas. The residents could respond with yes, no, or maybe. Which of the following is the best description of the method for data collection used by the department?
A census
A sample survey
An experiment with a completely randomized design
An experiment with a randomized block design
An experiment with a matched-pairs design
A television station is interested in predicting whether voters in its viewing area are in favor of offshore drilling. It asks its viewers to phone in and indicate whether they support/are in favor of or are opposed to this practice. Of the 2241 viewers who phoned in, 1574 (70%) were opposed to offshore drilling. The viewers who phoned in are
a voluntary response sample
a convenience sample
a simple random sample
a completely randomized design
a confounding variable
In designing an experiment, blocking is used
To reduce bias.
To reduce variation.
As a substitute for a control group.
As a first step in randomization.
To control the level of the experiment.
Ann Landers, who wrote a daily advice column appearing in newspapers across the country, once asked her readers, “If you had to do it over again, would you have children?” Of the more than 10,000 readers who responded, 70% said no. What does this show?
The survey is meaningless because of voluntary response bias.
No meaningful conclusion is possible without knowing something more about the characteristics of her readers.
The survey would have been more meaningful if she had picked a random sample of the 10,000 readers who responded.
The survey would have been more meaningful if she had used a control group.
This was a legitimate sample, randomly drawn from her readers and of sufficient size to allow the conclusion that most of her readers who are parents would have second thoughts about having children.
A marine biologist wants to estimate the mean size of the barnacle Semibalanus balnoides on a stretch of rocky shoreline. To do so, he randomly selected twenty 10-cm. square plots and measured the size of every barnacle in each plot. This is an example of
convenience sampling.
cluster sampling.
stratified random sampling.
simple random sampling.
multistage sampling.
Are dogs better at tracking the movements of brightly colored objects? Fifteen experienced “disk dogs” who have been trained to catch flying disks in mid-air are given the chance to catch a bright red disk or a plain white disk. Each disk is thrown 10 times for each dog, with the sequence of disks (red or white) determined randomly. The proportion of red disks caught to the proportion of white disks caught is compared for each dog. This is an example of a
Simple random sample
Stratified random sample.
Completely randomized design.
Matched pairs design.
A block design, but not a matched pairs design.
A compact disc (CD) manufacturer wanted to determine which of two different cover designs for a newly released CD will generate more sales. The manufacturer chose 70 stores to sell the CD. Thirty-five of these stores were randomly assigned to sell CDs with one of the cover designs and the other 35 were assigned to sell the CDs with the other cover design. The manufacturer recorded the number of CDs sold at each of the stores and found a significant difference between the mean number of CDs sold for the two cover designs. Which of the following gives the conclusion that should be made based on the results and provides the best explanation for the conclusion?
It is NOT reasonable to conclude that the difference in sales was caused by the different cover designs because this was not an experiment.
It is NOT reasonable to conclude that the difference in sales was caused by the different cover designs because there was no control group for comparison.
It is NOT reasonable to conclude that the difference in sales was caused by the different cover designs because the 70 stores were not randomly chosen.
It is reasonable to conclude that the difference in sales was caused by the different cover designs because the cover designs were randomly assigned to stores.
It is reasonable to conclude that the difference in sales was caused by the different cover designs because the sample size was large.
Which of the following distinguishes an observational study from a randomized experiment?
In an observational study volunteers are always used, whereas in a randomized experiment a random sample is always taken from the population.
In an observational study a random sample is always taken from the population, whereas in a randomized experiment volunteers are always used.
In an observational study treatments are not randomly assigned, whereas in a randomized experiment treatments are randomly assigned.
In an observational study a control group is never used, whereas in a randomized experiment a control group is always used.
An observational study can be double-blind, whereas a randomized experiment can only be single-blind because the experimenter determines who is randomly assigned to each treatment.
Researchers conducted a study to investigate the effects of soft drink consumption on fat stored in muscle tissue. From a sample of 80 adult volunteers, 40 were randomly assigned to consume one liter of a soft drink each day. The remaining 40 were asked to drink one liter of water each day and not to consume any soft drinks. At the end of six months, the amount of fat stored in each person’s muscle tissue was recorded. The people in the group who drank the soft drink had, on average, a higher percentage of fat stored in the tissue than the people who drank only water. Which of the following is the most appropriate conclusion?
There is evidence that consuming soft drinks causes more fat storage in muscle tissue than drinking only water, and the conclusion can be generalized to all adults.
There is evidence that consuming soft drinks causes more fat storage in muscle tissue than drinking only water, and the conclusion can be generalized to all people who consume soft drinks.
There is evidence that consuming soft drinks causes more fat storage in muscle tissue than drinking only water, and the conclusion can be generalized to adults similar to those in the study.
Although cause-and-effect cannot be established, there is an association between consuming soft drinks and fat storage in muscle tissue for the population of all adults.
Although cause-and-effect cannot be established, there is an association between consuming soft drinks and fat storage in muscle tissue for the population of all adults who consume soft drinks.
To check the effect of cold temperature on the elasticity of two brands of rubber bands, one box of Brand A and one box of Brand B rubber bands are tested. Ten bands from the Brand A box are placed in a freezer for two hours and ten bands from the Brand B box are kept at room temperature. The amount of stretch before breakage is measured on each rubber band, and the mean for the cold bands is compared to the mean for the others. Is this a good experimental design?
No, because the means are not proper statistics for comparison.
No, because more than two brands should be used.
No, because more temperatures should be used.
No, because temperature is confounded with brand.
Yes
Some contact lens wearers report problems with dryness in their eyes. A study was conducted to evaluate the effectiveness of a new eye-drop solution to relieve dryness for contact lens wearers. Twenty-five volunteers who wore contact lenses agreed to use the new solution for one month. At the end of the month, 36 percent of the volunteers reported that the new solution was effective in relieving dryness. The company that produced the new eye-drop solution concluded that using the new solution is more effective in relieving dryness than using no solution. Which of the following best explains why the study does not support such a conclusion?
The sample size was too small.
The study had no control group.
The participants were volunteers.
The participants self-reported the frequency with which they used the new solution.
The participants self-reported the effectiveness of the new solution.
To find out the average occupancy size of student-rented apartments, a researcher picks a simple random sample of 100 such apartments. Even after one follow-up visit, the interviewer is unable to make contact with anyone in 27 of these apartments. Concerned about nonresponse bias, the researcher chooses another simple random sample and instructs the interviewer to continue this procedure until contact is made with someone in a total of 100 apartments. The average occupancy size in the final 100-apartment sample is 2.78. Is this estimate probably too low or too high?
Too high, because of undercoverage bias.
Too high, because convenience samples overestimate average results.
Too high, because voluntary response samples overestimate average results.
Too low, because of undercoverage bias.
Too low, because convenience samples overestimate average results.
A program exists to encourage more middle school students to major in math and science when they go to college. The organizers of the program want to estimate the proportion of students who, after completing the program, go on to major in math or science in college. The organizers will select a sample of students from a list of all students who completed the program. Which of the following sampling methods describes a stratified random sample?
Select all female students on the list.
Randomly select 50 students on the list.
Randomize the names on the list and then select every tenth student on the randomized list.
Randomly select 25 names from the female students on the list and randomly select 25 names from the male students on the list.
Randomlyselect50studentsonthelistwhoareattendingcollege.
To compare the effectiveness of two treatments, researchers conducted a well-designed experiment using a randomized block design in which the subjects were blocked by age-group (under 40 years and 40 years or older). Which of the following must be true about the randomized block design of the experiment?
The number of subjects in each block is different.
Treatments are randomly assigned to subjects within each block.
The design cannot have a control group because subjects are blocked by age-group.
The experiment uses a matched-pairs design, where subjects from one block are paired with subjects from the other block.
The subjects in one block receive one treatment, and the subjects in the other block receive the other treatment.
A music education specialist speaking on a local newscast has advocated that young children learn to play a musical instrument. The author cited a study of 650 randomly selected high school sophomores, and juniors, which reported that students who play a musical instrument score, on average, 51 points higher on an academic achievement test than students who do not play an instrument. Which one of the following is a correct statement?
Playing a musical instrument will cause a student to score higher on this achievement test.
There seems to be a relationship between playing musical instruments and obtaining a higher score on the achievement test.
Since playing a musical instrument seems to improve achievement scores for high school students, the effect should be similar for younger children.
The study was a matched pairs study.
The study was an experiment rather than an observational study.
Eighteen individuals who use a particular form of social media were assigned a new user interface to use when logging in to their accounts. After using the new user interface for a week, each individual was asked to rate how easy or hard the new user interface was to use on a scale from 1 (extremely easy) to 9 (extremely hard). Which of the following correctly identifies why this is not a well-designed experiment?
There was a lack of control because not all individuals in the study used login passwords of the same length.
The individuals may not have been randomly selected.
There was not enough replication because the individuals used the new user interface for only one week.
There was a lack of control because not all individuals in the study use social media.
The study was not comparative—only one treatment was used.
The manager of a public swimming pool wants to compare the effectiveness of two laundry detergents, Detergent A and Detergent B, in cleaning the towels that are used daily. As each dirty towel is turned in, it is placed into the only washing machine on the premises. When the washing machine contains 20 towels, the manager flips a coin to determine whether Detergent A or Detergent B will be used for that load. The cleanliness of the load of towels is rated on a scale of 1 to 10 by a person who does not know which detergent was used. The manager continues this experiment for many days. Which of the following best describes the manager’s study?
A completely randomized design.
A randomized block design with Detergent A and Detergent B as blocks.
A randomized block design with the washing machine as the block.
A matched-pairs design with Detergent A and Detergent B as the pair.
An observational study.
A statistic is a number which describes a sample.
TRUE
FALSE
A parameter is a descriptive measure of population.
TRUE
FALSE
Is the following a parameter or a statistic?
The average annual salary for 35 of a company's 1200 accountants is $68,000.
parameter
statistic
Is the following a parameter or a statistic?
In a survey of a sample of high school students, 43% said that their mother has taught them the most about managing money.
parameter
statistic
Is the following a parameter or a statistic?
As of August 2021, 54% of the governors of the 50 states in the US are Republicans.
parameter
statistic
Is the following a parameter or a statistic?
In a survey of a sample of computer users, 8% said their computer had a malfunction that needed to be repaired by a service technician.
parameter
statistic
A survey company was trying to see if people in a state thought the pollution was too high.
Which choice best represents the parameter of interest?
All people in the state.
Percentage of all people in the state who thought the pollution was too high.
500 randomly selected residents of the state.
71% of the residents surveyed thought the pollution was too high.
