Following the collapse of the western Roman Empire in the 5th century C.E., civilization in Europe fell behind the rest of the world for almost a thousand years. However, from the late (a)   period movements began to emerge in Europe that would ultimately lead to European domination of the globe.

By around 600, the chaos had resolved itself, and what had once been the Roman Empire was now a series of successor states. A (a)   culture emerged in Europe, …

By around 600, the chaos had resolved itself, and what had once been the Roman Empire was now a series of successor states. …in part based on a form of social and political structures known as (a)   , which would persist through wars and crises into the mid-15th century.

(a)   is a system based around self-sufficient farming estates where the lord ruled and lived off that land with the peasants together.

After 395 C.E., the Roman Empire was divided into two halves, and its eastern portion, which survived the fall of Rome, is known as the (a)   .

公元481年Clovis建立 (a)   ，逐渐成为西欧最强大的王国。

查士丁尼一世 Justinian I用36年在组织编撰《罗马民法大全》，其中包括《法学汇纂》、《法理概要》、《新法典》以及《 (a)   》。

(a)   即附庸只承认自己直接受封的领主为封君，…

封臣即附庸只承认自己直接受封的领主为 (a)   ，而对自己封主的封主却没有臣属关系。

佛教、基督教及 (a)   被称为世界上的三大宗教。

改革是普遍的历史现象，它与历史的发展相始终。阅读下列材料，回答问题。（10分）

材料一

646年，日本国内出现了统治危机。日本孝德天皇任用从中国归来的留学生，针对日本的政治，经济进行一系列的改革”促进了日本的政治稳定和经济的发展。为其以后的进一步发展奠定了基础。

材料二

西罗马帝国于公元476年灭亡后，拜占庭帝国依然保持它的繁荣公元6世纪，查士丁尼西征，浪费了大量的财力物力，加速了帝国统治危机，拜占庭帝国陶醉已有的辉煌，不屑学习和其它文明的优点和长处。最终被奥斯曼土耳其帝国所灭。

（1）材料一反映的是哪次社会改革。请简述政治改革措施和经济改革的措施。（3分）

（2）根据料材二，面对统治危机，拜占庭帝国采取了怎样的政策？结果如何？（3分）

（3）想一想：对待先进的文明，日本与拜占庭帝国各持何种态度？（2分）

（4）综合以上材料，我们能从改革中得到什么启示？（2分）