Software development is labor-intensive

The nature of software _____

Custom software is

Generic software are

Generic Software are sold on open market often called

Embedded software are

The process of solving customers’ problems by the systematic development and evolution of large, high-quality software systems within cost, time and other constraints.

This defination refers to _____

Who are the Stakeholders in Software Engineering

Software quality are measured based on

___ are computerized information systems that were developed to process large amounts of data for routine business transactions such as payroll and inventory. A ___ eliminates the tedium of necessary operational transactions and reduces the time once required to perform them manually, although people must still input data to computerized systems.

To access information, users of the ___ share a common database. The database stores both data and models that help the user interact with, interpret, and apply that data. ___ output information that is used in decision making. A ___ can also help integrate some of the computerized information functions of a business.

___ support data workers, who do not usually create new knowledge but rather analyze information to transform data or manipulate it in some way before sharing it with, or formally disseminating it throughout, the organization and, sometimes, beyond.

A ___ departs from the traditional MIS because it emphasizes the support of decision making in all its phases, although the actual decision is still the exclusive province of the decision maker. Sometimes ___ are discussed as systems that focus on business intelligence.

Two avenues of ___ research are (1) understanding natural language and (2) analyzing the ability to reason through a problem to its logical conclusion. Expert systems use the approaches of ___ reasoning to solve the problems put to them by business (and other) users.

___ help executives organize their interactions with the external environment by providing graphics and communications technologies in accessible places such as boardrooms or personal corporate offices.

Which of these are "integrating technologies" affect all types of users and systems.

How many phases are there in SDLC?

According to "Systems analysis and design / Kenneth E. Kendall, Julie E. Kendall. — 8th ed.", how many phases are there in SDLC?

One of the phases in SDLC requires that the analyst look honestly at what is occurring in a business. Then, together with other organizational members, the analyst pinpoints problems. Often others will bring up these problems, and they are the reason the analyst was initially called in. Which phase is this?

Opportunities are situations that the analyst believes can be improved through the use of computerized information systems. Seizing opportunities may allow the business to gain a competitive edge or set an industry standard. In which phase this information is gathered?

Identifying objectives is also an important component of the first phase. The analyst must first discover what the business is trying to do. Then the analyst will be able to see whether some aspect of information systems applications can help the business reach its objectives by addressing specific problems or opportunities. In which phase this information is gathered?

The phase the analyst enters is that of determining the human needs of the users involved, using a variety of tools to understand how users interact in the work context with their current information systems. The analyst will use interactive methods such as interviewing, sampling and investigating hard data, and questionnaires, along with unobtrusive methods, such as observing decision makers’ behavior and their office environments, and all-encompassing methods, such as prototyping.

Which phase is this?

In this phase of SDLC, tools such as data flow diagrams (DFD) to chart the input, processes, and output of the business’s functions, or activity diagrams or sequence diagrams to show the sequence of events, illustrate systems in a structured, graphical form. From data flow, sequence, or other diagrams, a data dictionary is developed that lists all the data items used in the system, as well as their specifications.

Which phase is this?

In this phase of the SDLC, the systems analyst uses the information collected earlier to accomplish the logical design of the information system. The analyst designs procedures for users to help them accurately enter data so that data going into the information system are correct. In addition, the analyst provides for users to complete effective input to the information system by using techniques of good form and Web page or screen design.

Which phase is this?

In this phase of the SDLC, the analyst works with programmers to develop any original software that is needed. During this phase the analyst works with users to develop effective documentation for software, including procedure manuals, online help, and Web sites featuring Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs), on Read Me files shipped with new software. Because users are involved from the beginning, phase documentation should address the questions they have raised and solved jointly with the analyst..

Which phase is this?

In this phase of the SDLC, before the information system can be used, it must be tested. It is much less costly to catch problems before the system is signed over to users. Some of the testing is completed by programmers alone, some of it by systems analysts in conjunction with programmers. A series of tests to pinpoint problems is run first with sample data and eventually with actual data from the current system.

Which phase is this?

In this phase of the SDLC, the analyst helps implement the information system. This phase involves training users to handle the system. Vendors do some training, but oversight of training is the responsibility of the systems analyst. In addition, the analyst needs to plan for a smooth conversion from the old system to the new one. This process includes converting files from old formats to new ones, or building a database, installing equipment, and bringing the new system into production.

Which phase is this?

Analysts who adopt the SDLC approach often benefit from productivity tools, called CASE tools, that have been created explicitly to improve their routine work through the use of automated support. Analysts rely on CASE tools to increase productivity, communicate more effectively with users, and integrate the work that they do on the system from the beginning to the end of the life cycle.

What is the full abbreviation of "CASE"?

The ___ approach is a software development approach based on values, principles, and core practices. The four values are communication, simplicity, feedback, and courage.

What model is this?

During exploration, you will explore your environment, asserting your conviction

that the problem can and should be approached with agile development, assemble the team, and assess team member skills.

In Agile development process, the next stage after exploration is ___.

The third stage in the agile development process is composed of iterations to the first release. Typically these are iterations (cycles of testing, feedback, and change) of about three weeks in duration.

Several activities occur during this phase. In this phase the feedback cycle speeds up so that rather than receiving feedback for an iteration every three weeks, software revisions are being turned around in one week.

Object-oriented techniques are thought to work well in situations in which complicated information systems are undergoing continuous maintenance, adaptation, and redesign. Object oriented approaches use the industry standard for modeling object-oriented systems, called the ___, to break down a system into a use case model.

The SDLC and object-oriented approaches both require extensive planning and diagramming.

The agile approach and the object-oriented approach both allow subsystems to be built one at a time until the entire system is complete.

The agile and SDLC approaches are both concerned about the way data logically moves through the system.

_____ is the process for planning, creating, testing, and deploying an information system.

The software-development life-cycle (SDLC) is used to facilitate the development of a large software product in a _____, _____, and _____ way.

Three main activities in Problem Defination phase includes:-

_____ is the preliminary study done to investigate the information needs of perspective users and to determine the feasibility of the proposed project.

Feasibility study aspects includes:-

To understand the current system and establish the systems requirement.

It is done through interviews, questionnaires, observations, reviewing policies and procedures, collecting sample forms and written documents. It consumes a lot of energy, time and money.

The gathered data is organized into logical flow models.

The detailed list of things the proposed information system must be able to do, based on the end-users information needs.

The blueprints for the proposed information system. The proposed information system is constructed using the same logical flow models method used when analyzing data.

To convert the systems blueprint formulated during systems analysis into specific hardware and computer programs.

The activities in Systems Design Phase includes:-

Focuses on designing the interactive user and computer dialogues, audio responses, forms, documents and reports.

Focuses on providing detailed specifications regarding subject matter or contents, structure, delivery, maintenance and storing of data. 

Involved with designing the programs and procedures needed by the new information system. This activity provides precise descriptions for the software that will either be purchased or developed by a commissioned team of developers.

Defines the hardware, communication media and network to be used and also the responsibilities of the persons who will operate the information system.

Which of these are the correct flow of Implementation phase?

Immediate replacement of the current system with the new system.

The new and old systems work parallel together for a certain period of time before the old system is discarded.

HR manager intent to migrate the old version of the payroll software / system to a new version. While at the same time, he don’t want the migration process affect the on end-users activity (company staffs).

What types of the system changeover suitable for this scenario?

The new system is introduced in portions or phases to replace parts of the old system.

The introduction of the system in one of the many sites scheduled to receive this new system. The system is tested in selected sites that play the role of an experimental guinea pig.

When errors are detected, then debugging must be done quickly to correct the situation.

It is done when an information system would be directly affected by the changes in organizational strategies, policies or standards.

It is an effort to improve the speed of processing or response time or to strengthen security features.

To determine whether the new information system is fulfilling its objectives or the actions that need to be done so that it will meet these objectives.

In SDLC feasibility study, _____ is concerned with whether increased revenue, decreased investment and increased profit will exceed the cost of developing and operating the proposed system.

In SDLC feasibility study, to determine the availability of required hardware and software to develop information systems. (Resources – staffs , software / hardware) eg. Power bi, tableau (software)

In SDLC feasibility study, to determine the willingness and ability of the management and other end-users to operate, use and support the proposed information system.

In SDLC feasibility study, to determine whether the proposed information system is able to support the objectives of the organization and its strategic plans.

In SDLC feasibility study, to analyze whether the new system would change the way the end-users socialize among themselves.

In systems evaluation, to determine whether the quality of information generated has improved in comparison to the previous information system.

In systems evaluation, It can be measured by how well the information system is contributing to help the organization achieve its objectives.

_____ is the procedure of identifying software engineering requirements and developing software specifications in terms of a software system’s object model, which comprises of interacting objects.

The main difference between object-oriented analysis and other forms of analysis is that in object-oriented approach, requirements are organized around objects, which integrate both _____ and _____.

According to Grady Booch, “Object-oriented analysis is a method of analysis that examines requirements from the perspective of the _____ found in the vocabulary of the problem domain”.

The primary tasks in object-oriented analysis (OOA) are:-

_____ involves implementation of the conceptual model produced during object-oriented analysis.

OOD generally includes:-

According to Grady Booch, object-oriented design is “a method of design encompassing the process of object-oriented decomposition and a notation for depicting both _____ models of the system under design”.

_____ is a programming paradigm based upon objects (having both data and methods) that aims to incorporate the advantages of modularity and reusability.

The important features of object–oriented programming are:

An object is a real-world element in an object–oriented environment that may have _____ existence.

Each object has:

A class represents a collection of objects having same characteristic properties that exhibit common behavior.

A _____ gives the blueprint or description of the objects that can be created from it.

Creation of an object as a member of a class is called _____

Generally, different objects of a class have some difference in the values of the attributes. Attributes are often referred as _____

A set of operations that portray the behavior of the objects of the class. Operations are also referred as _____.

_____ is the process of binding both attributes and methods together within a class. Through _____, the internal details of a class can be hidden from outside. It permits the elements of the class to be accessed from outside only through the interface provided by the class.

Typically, a class is designed such that its data (attributes) can be accessed only by its class methods and insulated from direct outside access. This process of insulating an object’s data is called _____ or information hiding.

Any application requires several objects interacting in a harmonious manner. Objects in a system may communicate with each other using _____.

_____ is the mechanism that permits new classes to be created out of existing classes by extending and refining its capabilities.

In object-oriented paradigm, _____ implies using operations in different ways, depending upon the instance they are operating upon.

In the _____ process, the common characteristics of classes are combined to form a class in a higher level of hierarchy, i.e., subclasses are combined to form a generalized super-class.

In _____, the distinguishing features of groups of objects are used to form specialized classes from existing classes.

Rumbaugh has defined _____ as “a physical or conceptual connection between objects”.

_____ is a group of links having common structure and common behavior.

Benefits of Object Oriented Model

In this stage, the problem is formulated, user requirements are identified, and then a model is built based upon real–world objects.

In this stage, the complete architecture of the desired system is designed. The system is conceived as a set of interacting subsystems that in turn is composed of a hierarchy of interacting objects, grouped into classes.

In this phase, a design model is developed based on both the models developed in the system analysis phase and the architecture designed in the system design phase.

In this stage, the design model developed in the object design is translated into code in an appropriate programming language or software tool. The databases are created and the specific hardware requirements are ascertained.

During Object–Oriented Implementation and Testing stage, the design model developed in the object design is translated into code in an appropriate programming language or software tool. The databases are created and the specific hardware requirements are ascertained.

In the Object Design phase, a design model is developed based on both the models developed in the system analysis phase and the architecture designed in the system design phase.

In the System Design stage, the complete architecture of the desired system is designed. The system is conceived as a set of interacting subsystems that in turn is composed of a hierarchy of interacting objects, grouped into classes.