Drainage patterns are dependent on

Which drainage pattern looks like a tree with its many branches?

Which drainage pattern is roughly rectangular in shape?

Which drainage pattern resembles the spoke pattern of a bike wheel?

PA's smallest watershed is the

Second largest watershed in PA

The Ohio River Basin includes almost ----- of the state

Shenago River is part of which watershed

Largest watershed in PA

Susquehanna River Basin covers nearly ---- of the state

Which river is not actually in PA, but part of the land it drains is

3rd largest watershed in PA

Delaware Basin is approximately the eastern ---- of PA

Freshwater ecosystems have a salt concentration of

Marine ecosystems have a salt concentration of

------- comes from runoff terrestrial habitats

Creates streams, rivers, lakes, and ponds

------- comes from rivers, melting snow, and precipitation

Covers 75% of Earth's surface

Moving water; streams and rivers

Still water; lakes, ponds, and wetlands

Lotic and Lentic waters are part of which ecosystem ?

Develop in every watershed

Lotic ecosystem is divided 3 ways

Riffles and pools

Wetted channel, active channel, riparian zone

water surface, water column, benthic

Named by stream order

What does 2+2= (in stream order)

Abiotic factors in a lotic ecosystems are

Abiotic factors in a lentic ecosystems are

(Lentic Ecosystem) Salinity is

Cold, high oxygen content, lots of coarse particulate organic material

Warmer, less oxygen content, mostly fine particulate organic material

Warmest, least oxygen, mostly fine particulate organic material

Shallower, faster moving water

deep depths and slow current in a river

Area that has water in it currently

Area that has water in it when the water levels are high

area that doesn't have water. plants and animals in this zone

Upstream gets most of its vegetation from -------

Fish that live upstream

Upstream has mostly what type(s) of macroinvertebrates?

Photosynthetic algae and aquatic plants are common in

Fish that live mid-stream

Mid-stream has mostly what type(s) of macroinvertebrates?

Zooplankton and phytoplankton are main sources of food in ------

Fish that live mid-stream

Large stream is almost entirely what type(s) of macroinvertebrates?

Which ecosystem has historically been used for transportation and irrigation?

Does 1+2=3? (in sense of stream orders)

The vertical flow ponds purpose at Jennings is to

AMD affects which ecosystem?

Low pH results in which issues

Iron film that forms results in which issues

Which ecosystem develops in depressions in watersheds?

There are how many layers of lakes? (depth wise)

Which lake layer is the top layer, and the warmest?

Which lake layer is the thermocline, the middle layer, and has temperature changes quickly?

Which lake layer is the bottom layer, and is cold and dark?

There are how many zones of lakes? (width wise)

Which zone is shallow water where rooted aquatic plants grow?

Which zone is deeper water in the 'open water' without rooted aquatic plants?

If a lentic ecosystem has low nutrients it has

Fish common in a lentic ecosystem that has low nutrients is

Fish common in a lentic ecosystem that has high nutrients is

High nutrients lentic ecosystems are typically ------ in O2

There are how many different types of lakes?

Deep, clear, steep sides

Nutrient poor due to small(or no) littoral zone

Very few phytoplankton

Low in detritus; high in dissolved oxygen

Has cold water fish like trout

Medium nutrient; medium depth

Undergoes hydrarch succession

Shallow, large littoral zone, and a small hyperlimnion

Murky water, high in nutrient, high amounts of phytoplankton

High detritus; low dissolved oxygen

Has warm water fish like catfish

No littoral zone

High concentration of humic acid, acidic acid, and peat

Which of these affects lentic ecosystems the most?

Wetlands are ecologically useful because

There are how many types of wetlands?

Wetlands: Frequently/continuously filled with water; high in nutrients

Wetlands: Characterized by the different types of grasses that grow here

Wetlands: Animals include: otters, blue herons, and red winged black birds

Wetlands: Flood during the wet season; standing water during the dry season

Wetlands: Characterized by the ability to support woody plants

Wetlands: Wildlife includes: ducks, snakes, and alligators

Wetlands: Gets most of its water from precipitation; low in nutrients

Wetlands: Dominant plants include peat and pitcher plants

Wetlands: Wildlife is scarce, but some salamanders, dragonflies, and snakes

Wetlands: Have constant supply of water from the water table

Wetlands: Plants include grasses, peat. and wildflowers

Wetlands: If too much decay occurs, they can become bogs

We have drained approximately how much of the wetlands?

Qualities of estuaries

Estuaries: Salt water sits on top of fresh water

Estuaries provide extremely variable environments

Very few types of plants and animals thrive here

Gets submerged and exposed 1 or 2 times by the daily cycle of tides

There are --- amount of types of intertidal zones

The movement of water is huge in intertidal zones

Intertidal Zones: Light is ------ at low tide

Intertidal Zone: Light is ------ at high tide

Tide pools near the equator can become exceptionally hot and have high salinity

Vertically stratified

Submerged only by highest tides; occupied by algae, mollusks, barnacles, and starfish

Exposed at low tides, submerges at high tide; algae, sponges, sea anemones, barnacles, mussels. Greater diversity because it is submerged longer

Exposed only during lowest tides, houses a greater diversity of invertebrates and fish which live in dense cover of seaweed

Constantly shifted by wave action

Warm shallow tropical water

What type of coral forms around the outer edge of a young, tall island

What type of coral forms as islands subside; corals grow up and out

What type of coral is ring-shaped 'halo' of coral around an island that has become submerged

In the coral reef, the temperature must remain between

Coral Reefs: Waves can destroy corals

Coral Reefs: Oxygen levels need to remain low

Coral Reefs: Salinity is variable

Average depth of the oceanic pelagic zone is

Nutrient content is low in the oceanic pelagic zone

Oceanic Pelagic zone has constant stratification

Oceanic Pelagic zone has summer stratification

Oceanic Pelagic zone rarely has stratification

Oceanic Pelagic Zone: least amount of saline found

Oceanic Pelagic Zone: most amount of saline found

Over fishing and pollution affect the oceanic pelagic zone

Mostly barren

Photosynthesis occurs in the abyssal zone

Abyssal Zone: Nutrient content is typically low

Abyssal Zone: Nutrients comes from

Abyssal Zone: Adds 1 atm for every --- feet down you go

Abyssal Zone: Largely uninterrupted by humans