substituting the name of one object for another object closely associated with it (“The pen [writing] is mightier than the sword [war/fighting]”)

a particular, distinctive, or characteristic mode of action or manner of acting:

the use of a word or expression to perform two syntactic functions,especially to modify two or more words of which at least one does not agree in number, case, or gender, as the use of are in Neither he nor we are willing.

a three-part deductive argument in which a conclusion is based on a major premise and a minor premise (“All men are mortal; Socrates is a man; therefore, Socrates is mortal”).

using one part of an object to represent the entire object (for example, referring to a car simply as “wheels”)

describing one kind of sensation in terms of another (“a loud color,” “a sweet sound”)

the manner in which words are arranged into sentences

needless repetition which adds no meaning or understanding (“widow woman,” “free gift”)

the attitude of a writer, usually implied, toward the subject or audience 

a work in three parts, each of which is a complete work in itself

overused and hackneyed

the deliberate representation of something as lesser in magnitude than it actually is; a deliberate under-emphasis.

the everyday speech of a particular country or region, often involving nonstandard usage

the use of a word to modify or govern two or more words when it is appropriate to only one of them or is appropriate to each but in a different way, as in to wage war and peace or On his fishing trip, he caught three trout and a cold.