What do we call shared standards in a society for what is right or wrong and what is good or bad?

(a)  

Rules that are given given force by the government are called (a)   .

Culture can be divided into ​ ​ (a)   , which include food and technology, and ​ (b)   , which includes beliefs and values.​​ ​ ​

​ (a)   are statements that people hold to be true.

The formation of a subculture means that not everyone in society has the same ​ ​ (a)   and values.

Many functionalist sociologists and psychologists believe that youth subcultures form when young people are transiting from ​ (a)   to ​ (b)   .

社会学家试图解释为什么大多数青年亚文化似乎由男孩主导。女孩在青年亚文化中的行为可能不太引人注目。父母和其他人也可能对女孩有更大的控制权。安吉拉·麦克罗比（Angela McRobbie）认为，女孩也有自己的青年亚文化，传统上聚集在家里（而男孩聚集在街上）。她称之为​ (a)   。

马克思主义社会学家认为，青年亚文化是对不公平制度的​ (a)   ，这些制度很少为工人阶级儿童提供。