What kind of formula is this under Measures of Central Tendency?

What kind of formula is this under Measures of Central Tendency?

What kind of formula is this under Measures of Central Tendency?

What kind of formula is this under Measures of Central Tendency?

A value that appears with highest frequency

What kind of formula is this under Measures of Central Tendency?

What kind of formula is this under Measures of Central Tendency?

What kind of formula is this under Measures of Central Tendency?

________________ is the first step in a statistical study. Data must be collected correctly and reliably because when it is used, no statistical technique can correct the result. ________________ is considered to be the most expensive part of the statistical study in terms of money and time.

Data are collected from the respondents, or from the subject under investigation.

Data are taken from published or unpublished references.

Advantage: The information gathered is more accurate and more likely to be correct.

Disadvantage: Collection can be costly and time-consuming.

Advantage:

1. It can usually be obtained more quickly

2. It can be less expensive.

3. It helps primary data collection more specific since the help of secondary data, we are able to make out what are the gaps and deficiencies and what additional needs to be collected.

Disadvantage

1. The needed information does not meet one’s specified needs 2. No real control over data quality

It involves human or mechanical observation of what people actually do or what events take place. The information is collected by observing process at work.

The _______ is considered the most expensive way of collecting data because it needs more time and money in conducting it.

A well – planned, written questions in questionnaire which are given to the target respondents to complete. It is most widely used because it is considered the cheapest method and it can cover wider area in short span of time

It is an approach of discovering what facts really are with the use of experimental design. An experiment is a study of cause and effect.

It refers to the continuous, permanent, compulsory recording of the occurrences of vital events together with certain identifying or descriptive characteristics concerning them as provided through the civil code, laws, or regulations.

It is a systematic way of every single element of the population has one equal chance of being selected in the sample.

It is also known as lottery sampling, which may be used if the population has no differentiated levels, sections or classes. _____________ is also called unrestricted random sampling which means that every individual in the population has an equal chance of being chosen to be included in the sample.

This is used when respondents in the study are arranged in some systematic or logical manner such as the alphabetical arrangement, residential or house arrays, geographical placement and etc. This technique of sampling is more convenient, faster and more economical than pure random sampling.

It is a more efficient sampling procedure wherein the population is grouped into more or less homogenous classes or strata in order to avoid the possibility of drawing samples whose members come from the stratum.

It is sometimes called area sampling because it is applied on a geographical basis. This method is useful when the samples in a community are occupied by heterogeneous groups.

In a ___________, the sample is not a proportion of the population and there is no system in selecting the sample. The selection depends on the situation.

There is no system of selection but only those whom the researcher or interviewer meets by chance are included in the sample.

Specified number of persons of certain types is included in the sample. It may be used only when any of the more desirable types of sampling will not do.

It is a process of picking out people in the most convenient and fastest way to get reactions immediately. This method can be done by telephone call to get immediate reaction of a certain group of samples for a certain issue.

It is based on certain criteria laid down by the researcher. The respondent are chosen on the basis of their knowledge of the information desired.

It is used in presenting data in paragraph or narrative form. It is a combination of text and figure in a statistical report. It is a dull way of presenting data because it combines text and figures.

It is a method of presenting data that makes use of column and row arrangement. ___________ is very effective and efficient means of organizing and summarizing data because a lot of information can be seen from a single table and it makes comparison of figures quick under each category.

Each table should be numbered according to their order of appearance. Arabic numerals are used in numbering the tables. The tables are numbered consecutively throughout the report. If there is only one table in the report, then the table number is simply omitted.

The ______ should tell what the subject matter the table deals with, where is situated or from whom and when it was gathered. It should be clear and brief and should indicate the content of the table. When the tables require more than one line, then the line should be written in an inverted pyramid.

The _______ contains the stub head and row labels or row classifiers. The stub head describes the stub contents. Each row label or row classifier describes the data shown in that row. The arrangement of entries in the stub is always in an outline form. Stub head and column captions should run horizontally for ease in reading.

The _____________ contains the master caption and column caption. Column caption explains the data presented in each column.

The ________ contains all statistical information presented in the table. Each numerical datum is entered in each cell – cell is the intersection of each column and row. Any numerical information that is unavailable should be indicated by writing N.A. in the proper cell.

If there are any words in the title or items in the body that are not readily understood, then these are explained in the footnote which appears immediately below the bottom line of the table. Missing or unusual data in the table are explained in the _________.

The source note indicates the origin or the source of the data presented in the table.

Most commonly used graphic presentation.

_______ is similar to a bar graph which represent a frequency distribution. It is a bar chart whose Y-axis shows the number of data values within each class of a frequency distribution and the Y-axis shows the class boundary of each class.

- used to display time series, to spot trends and fluctuations, or to compare periods or patterns of changes in the data.

- a practical and effective device to show changes in values over successive period of time.

a line graph that connects the midpoints of the histogram intervals, plus extra intervals at the beginning and end so that the line will touch the X-axis

a line graph that uses the cumulative frequencies of the frequency distribution as the values plotted on the Y-axis.

A circular graph that shows the relative contribution that different categories contribute to an overall total.

- often used when both axes include numeric data.

- often used to visualize a correlation, or lack thereof, between two parameters.

- shows the geographical location and may contain different symbols on the map. - The legend which tells what the symbols represent is very necessary.

It makes use of symbols and is used to compare few discrete data usually of one kind.

__________ are those data which are not yet organized or arranged into frequency distribution. If the number of observations is less than or equal (≤) to 30 it is _______.

It is the sum of all items or terms divided by the total number of items or terms

The symbol for the _______ is x bar (x̅).

The ____________ is the Greek letter mu (μ).

Some values seem to be more important than others. The mean derived from such kind of data is called the ________ (x̅w).

It is an appropriate measure of average for data in ordinal scale of measurement.

The ______ of the ungrouped data is the value of the middle item after arranging the data in an ascending or descending order.

The _____ of the ungrouped data is defined as the value that appears with the highest frequency.

It is an appropriate measure of average for data using the nominal scale of measurement.

_________________ are those data organized and summarized in the forms of frequency distribution. If the number of the observation is greater than 30 (> 30), it is a ______________.

It is a tabular presentation of qualitative or quantitative grouped data into categorical or non-overlapping numerical intervals called classes together with the number of observations in each class.

It is the real limits of each class interval

It is the midpoint of each class interval

It is the proportion of observation each class interval

a) < cf − summing up the frequencies starting with the frequency of the lowest valued class interval ㅤㅤ

b) > cf − summing up the frequencies starting with the frequency of the highest value of class interval

The ______ are a natural extension of the median concept that the values are divide the distribution into a given number of equal parts.

The values in a given set of observation that divide the data in four equal parts.

The values in a given set of observation that divide the data in ten equal parts.

The values in a given set of observation that divide the data into hundred equal parts.

A ______________ is said to be a measure of variation dispersion if its deviation the way the values are scattered throughout the distribution.

It is one of the simplest measures of variability. It depends only on extreme values and provides no information about how the remaining data are distributed.

To arrive at a more precise and reliable measure of variation, all item values in the distribution must be taken into account and determine the amount by which each item value varies from the mean of the distribution and one way of doing so is to use the __________.

- the amount of dispersion present in the middle 50% of the values in a distributor. - the difference between the first quartile and the third quartile divided by two.

The average of the squared deviation values from the distribution’s mean. If all values are identical the variance is zero, the greater the dispersion of values the greater the ___________.

- the most used measures the spread or dispersion of each value from the mean of the distribution.

- the most important measures of dispersion since it enables us to determine with great deal accuracy where the values of the distribution are located in relation to the mean.

- the positive square root of the variance.

- allows us to compare the variation of two (or more) different variables.

- is defined as sample standard deviation divided by the sample mean of the data set.