Carried out either in the laboratory or in the field. It is typified by clear and explicit decisions on what, how, and when to observe. It is primarily used for inferring causality, and testing casual hypothesis.

In this method, the observer stands apart and does not participate in the phenomenon observed. Naturally, there is no emotional involvement on the part of the observer.

This method calls for skill in recording observations in an unnoticed manner.

This means observation of an event personally by the observer when it takes place. This method is flexible and allows the observer to see and record subtle aspects of events and behavior as they occur.

This does not involve the physical presence of the observer, and the recording is done by mechanical, photographic or electronic devices.

Carried out either in the laboratory or in the field. It is typified by clear and explicit decisions on what, how, and when to observe.

It is primarily used for inferring causality, and testing casual hypothesis.

The person who are observed should not be aware of the researcher’s purpose. Then only their behavior will be ‘natural.’

This does not involve over extrinsic and intrinsic variables. It is primarily used for descriptive research. Participant observation is a typical uncontrolled one.