The introduction of industrialization to this Asian nation can be atttributed to British conquest/colonization:

“The history of all hitherto existing society is the history of class struggles. Freeman and slave, patrician and plebeian, lord and serf, guildmaster and journeyman, in a word, oppressor and oppressed, stood in constant opposition to one another, carried on an uninterrupted, now hidden, now open fight, that each time ended, either in the revolutionary reconstitution of society at large, or in the common ruin of the contending classes.”

― Karl Marx, The Communist Manifesto

Q: This document's HISTORICAL CONTEXT is best understood through:

“The Government of China having compelled the British Merchants trading at Canton to deal exclusively with certain Chinese Merchants called Hong merchants (or Cohong) who had been licensed by the Chinese Government for that purpose, the Emperor of China agrees to abolish that practice in future at all Ports where British Merchants may reside, and to permit them to carry on their mercantile transactions with whatever persons they please..."

Q: Which best describes the HISTORICAL CONTEXT of the above excerpt?

“I can safely say that before the commencement of what I may call the Railway Period, not only were the wages in most parts of the country established by tradition and authority, rather than by the natural laws of supply and demand, but the opportunity to work was in general restricted to particular spots. For the first time in history the Indian finds that he has in his power of labor a valuable possession which, if he uses it right, will give him something much better than mere subsistence. Follow him to his own home, in some remote village, and you will find that the railway laborer has carried to his own village not only new modes of working, new wants, and a new feeling of self-respect and independence, but new ideas of what government and laws can offer him. And he is, I believe, a better and more loyal subject, as he is certainly a more useful laborer.”

                             - Bartle Frere, British governor of the Bombay Presidency

Q: Which of the following developments would CONTRADICT Frere's statement above?

“Americans today . . . who live within the Spanish system occupy a position in society no better than that of serfs destined for labor, or at best they have no more status than that of mere consumers. Yet even this status is surrounded with galling restrictions, such as being forbidden to grow European crops, or to store products which are royal monopolies, or to establish factories of a type the Peninsula itself does not possess. To this add the exclusive trading privileges, even in articles of prime necessity, and the barriers between American provinces, designed to prevent all exchange of trade, traffic, and understanding.”

- Simón Bolívar, Jamaica Letter, 1815

Q: The quotation above best supports which of the following conclusions about the author’s motives for resistance to Spanish colonial rule in Latin America?

In what way did the Haitian Revolution differ from the French Revolution?

“In theory, all of the peoples of the world, though different in their degree of civilization and enlightenment are created equal and are brothers before God. As universal love advances, the theory goes, and as the regulations of international law are put into place, the entire world will soon be at peace. This theory is currently espoused mainly by Western Christian ministers or by persons who are enamored of that religion. However, when we leave this fiction and look at the facts regarding international relations today, we find them shockingly different. Do nations honor treaties? We find not the slightest evidence that they do. When countries break treaties, there are no courts to judge them. Therefore, whether a treaty is honored or not depends entirely on the financial and military powers of the countries involved. Money and soldiers are not for the protection of existing principles; they are the instruments for the creation of principles where none exist.

There are those moralists who would sit and wait for the day when all wars would end. Yet in my opinion the Western nations are growing ever stronger in the skills of war. In recent years, these countries devise strange new weapons and day by day increase their standing armies. One can argue that that is truly useless, truly stupid. Yet if others are working on being stupid, then I must respond in kind. If others are violent, then I too must become violent. International politics is the way of force rather than the way of virtue—and we should accept that.”

- Yukichi Fukuzawa, Japanese intellectual, Commentary on the Current Problems, 1881

Q: Which of the following most likely influenced Fukuzawa’s views in the passage?

The gender and age makeup of the workforce shown in the image best illustrates which of the following phenomena in mid-nineteenth-century European society?

“Without a revolutionary theory there can be no revolutionary movement. The role of vanguard fighter can be fulfilled only by a party that is guided by the most advanced theory. We have said that there could not have been Social-Democratic consciousness among the workers. It could only be brought to them from without. The history of all countries shows that the working class, exclusively by its own effort, is able to develop only trade union consciousness, i.e., the conviction that it is necessary to combine in unions, fight the employers, and strive to compel the government to pass necessary labor legislation. The theory of socialism, however, grew out of the philosophic, historical, and economic theories elaborated by educated representatives of the propertied classes, the intellectuals. Our worst sin with regard to organization is that by our amateurishness we have lowered the prestige of revolutionaries in Russia.”

- Vladimir Lenin, Russian exile in Switzerland, What Is to Be Done?, 1902

Q: In the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, some governments responded to the growing popularity of ideas such as the ones expressed in the passage by doing which of the following?

Which of the following was the most immediate effect of the Industrial Revolution during the nineteenth century?

“[Nineteenth-century] Indian liberal ideas, I argue, were foundational to all forms of Indian nationalism and the country’s modern politics. Yet Indian liberalism was both wider in scope, and more specific in its remedies, than what is commonly called nationalism. To put it in its most positive light, Indian liberalism represented a broad range of thought and practice directed to the pursuit of political and social liberty. Its common features were a desire to re-empower India’s people with personal freedom in the face of a despotic government of foreigners, entrenched traditional authority, and supposedly corrupt domestic or religious practices. Indian liberals sought representation in government service, on grand juries and, later, on elective bodies. They demanded a free press, freedom of assembly and public comment. Liberals broadly accepted the principle of individual property rights, subject to various degrees of protection for the masses against economic exploitation. Liberals emphasized education, particularly women’s education. Educated women would help to abolish domestic tyranny, reinstate the ancient Hindu ideal of companionate marriage and improve the race. But a fine line was to be drawn between instructing women and permitting excessive license in gender relations, which was seen as a Western corruption.”

Christopher Bayly, British historian, Recovering Liberties: Indian Thought in the Age of Liberalism and Empire.

Q: Many Indian historians after independence would likely have objected to Bayly’s characterization of Indian liberalism on the basis of their belief that:

The image best illustrates which factor that contributed to Great Britain’s increasing prominence as a global power in the nineteenth century?

“Although I am a common woman, I have been the head of a family for some time, and I have fulfilled the various duties required as head of a family. Therefore, I automatically assumed that the government gave all heads of families equal rights regardless of sex. However, I recently found that this is not the case. I was told that I have no right to vote even for the local ward [neighborhood] assembly where I live because I am a woman. I was also told that for the same reason I am unable to sign or co-sign legal documents, although I have my registered legal seal. Thus there is a world of difference between male and female heads of families in terms of rights. But rights and duties should coexist together. It should logically be the case that if the head of family has the right to vote, she has an obligation to pay tax; but if there is no vote, there should be no tax obligation. However, I have to pay tax even though I have no right to vote. Considering this, I feel that my rights have been denied.”

Q: The author’s argument regarding taxation most closely resembles the arguments made by:

Rebellious ethnic minorities in the Russian, Ottoman, and Austro-Hungarian Empires during the late nineteenth century were motivated primarily by:

The "Atlantic Revolutions" (American, French, Creole)of the late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries shared which of the following?

Which of the following was the primary Ottoman response to the processes depicted in the map?

Women, a warning. Leave not your homes without good reason. You may go out to get food or to seek education. In Islam, it is a religious duty to seek knowledge. Women may leave their homes freely for this. Repent and behave like respectable married womenYou must obey your husbands’ lawful demands. You must dress modestly and be God-fearing. Any woman who refuses, receives no benefit. The merciful Lord will punish her. I have written this poem as a warning. For you to put to good use in the community of believers.

              - Nana Asma’u, Nigerian Muslim princess and daughter of the founder of the Sokoto Caliphate, poem, 1856

Girls used to be exchanged for a herd of camels and goats. But the religion we learned and the Qur’an do not allow this. Today we have no need for men who sell what they do not own. And for this old-fashioned trading of women. First get some education and learn how to read and write. Don’t try to turn back people who have woken up!

            -  Somali oral poem expressing a woman’s perspective, circa 1960

Q: Which of the following historical developments in the period 1750–1900 best explains the difference in attitudes toward women in Muslim societies expressed by the authors of the two sources?

“And God gave unto the Polish kings and knights freedom, that all might be brothers, both the richest and the poorest. The king and the men of knightly rank received into their brotherhood still more people…. And the number of brothers became as great as a nation, and in no nation were there so many people free and calling each other brothers as in Poland.”

- Adam Mickiewicz, poem, 1832, about Polish uprisings against Russia in 1830 and 1831

Q: The passage above best reflects which of the following?

“The [Qing] government sponsored a number of projects designed to bolster the navy. The idea was to adopt Western technology but not the values and philosophies that produced it—China would learn from the West, equal it, and then surpass it.”

Q: The philosophy behind the late-nineteenth-century Chinese policy mentioned above was part of which of the following?

By the 1880s, Europe had c. 48,000 sailing ships with c. 4500 of those being steamships.

Asian states had only a total of 312 sailing ships, with 35 of those being steamships.

North American states had 6800 sailing vessels, with 600 being steamships.

Latin American states had 357 sailing vessels, with 81 of those being steamships.

Africa and Oceania (Pacific islands) have not data available for this time.

Which of the following best describes a conclusion about the relationship between steamships and world trade in the late nineteenth century?

Period 4 (1900-) DOES NOT cover which of the following topics?

Period 1 (1200-1450) DOES NOT cover which of the following topics?

Period 2 (1450-1750) deals with which of the following (more than one answer)?

Which imperial "rebellions" WOULD be covered in Period 3 (1750-1900)?