Waves that are activated from an outside heat source, such as a conventional hood type hair dryer are ___ waves.

what is a very effective technique for blending between perm rods with opposite base directions using zigzag partings to divide base areas?

what is the active ingredient in all hydroxide relaxers?

What is another name for the double-rod wrap technique?

Caution should be used with on-base rod placement to avoid additional ___.

Most acid waves used in salons have a pH value between ___.

The___ measures the acidity and alkalinity of a substance by measuring the quantity of hydrogen ions it contains.

The cortex of the hair is made up of millions of polypeptide chains cross-linked by three types of side bonds that are responsible for the elasticity and strength of the hair. these bonds are ___.

The ___ uses one end paper folded in half over the hair ends like an envelope.

In the restructuring process, coarse, resistant hair with a strong compact cuticle requires a chemical solution that is ___>

Keratin straightening treatments work by ___ in a semi-permanent manner.

Exothermic waves create a chemical reaction that heats the waving solution and speeds up ___.

___ refers to the position of the rod in relation to its base section and is determined by the angle at which the hair is wrapped.

___ give you the ability to permanently change the hair's natural wave and curl pattern, thereby offering clients a variety of styling options that would not otherwise be possible.

Hydroxide relaxers remove a sulfure atom from a disulfide bond, converting it into a(n) ___.

Which of the following are relaxers often marketed and sold as no mix-no lye relaxers?

Alkaline waves, also known as ___. were developed in 1941.

___ minimizes stress and tension on the hair.

In permanent waving, the shape and type of curl are determined by the shape and type of rod and the ___.

The active ingredient or reducing agent in alkaline permanent wave is ___.

Most alkaline permanent waves have a pH between ___.

Once in the cortex the waving solution breaks the disulfide bonds through a chemical reaction called ___

Which layer of hair is the innermost layer of the hair, and often called the pith or core of the hair?

What soft foam perm rods are usually about 12 inches / 30.5 centimeters long with a uniform diameter along the entire length of the rod?

The ___ is a perm wrap in which one end paper is placed under and another is placed over the strand of hair being wrapped providing the most control over the hair ends.

Sodium hydroxide relaxers are commonly called ___.

All acid waves have three components: permanent waving lotion, neutralizer, and ___.

Which chemical bonds, also known as end bonds, join amino acids together, end-to-end in long chains, to form a polypeptide chain>.

IN permanent waving, most of the processing takes place as soon as the solutin penetrates teh hair, within the first ___ minutes.

what perm rods are equal in diameter along their entire length or curling area?

___ waves are permanent solutions based onslfidtes, considered very weak, and are usually marketed as body waves or alternative waves.

Hair that has too many broken disulfide bonds and will not hold a firm curl is considered ___.

All perm wraps begin by sectioning the hair into ___.

What is the most common neutralizer?

What waving solutions use an ingredient other that ATG, such as cysteamine or mercaptamine, as the primary reducing agent

What are the basic building blocks of hair that affect how chemical solutions react?

___,often found in home haircoloring products, leave a coating on the hair that may cause uneven curls, severe discoloration, or hair breakage.

A combination of thio relaxer and thio permanents wrapped on large rods is a __.

It is important for stylist to remember that ammonia-free does not necessarily mean ___.

___, also known as circle rods, are usually about 12 inches (30.5 centimeters) long wit a uniform diameter along the entire length of the rod, and are secured by fastening the ends together to form a loop.

The angel at which a permanent wave rod is positioned on the head is referred to as ___.

in the croquignole method of wrapping the hair is wound from the ___ in overlapping concentric layers.

The difference in the strength of most chemical hair relaxers is determined by the concentration of ___.

Relaxers that contain two components and must be mixed immediately prior to use are __.

The ___ uses only one end paper, placed over the top of th hair strand.

What is the process of rearranging the basic structure of curly hair into a straighter or smoother form?

Where should you start the application of the chemical relaxer, often considered the most resistant area?

Which wrap utilizes partings and bases throughout the panels to follow the curvature of the head?

___ combines the use of a thio relaxer with flat ironing.

What determines the size of the curl in a permanent waving process?

What is the most common type of perm rod?

What is the second factor in the overall strength of the waving solution?

Which layer of the hair is located directly beneath the cuticle layer and is responsible for the incredible strength and elasticity of human hair?

Base sections are offset from each other row by row to prevent noticeable splits and to blend the flow of the hair, in which wrapping pattern?

what are long, coiled polypeptide chains linked together end to end like beads?

Chemical hair texturizers temporarily raise the pH of the hair to an alkaline state i order to ___.

The term pH is an abbreviation used for potential ___, and the symbol of pH represents the quantity of ___ ions in solution.

___ waves are perms using an ingredient that does not evaporate as readily as ammonia, so that there is very little odor associated with their use.

Which conditioner contains an acidic pH that restores the hair's natural pH and should be used after a hydroxide relaxer?

hydrogen bonds are weak physical side bonds that result from an attraction between negative and positive electrical charges and are easily broken by water or heat, but reform as the is ___.

___ is the measurement of the thickness or thinness of a liquid that affects how the fluid flows.

The two methods of wrapping the hair around a perm rod are ___.

in a ___, the hair is wrapped at an angle other than perpendicular to the length of the rod which causes the hair to spiral along the length of the rod.

What is a hydroxide relaxer that does not require the application of a protective base?

___ is a two step process in which the hair first undergoes a physical change caused by wrapping the hair on perm rods, and then a chemical change caused by the application of permanent waving solution and neutralizer.

in permanent waving the reduction reaction is due to the addition of ___.

the ___ of the permanent waving solution is determined primarily by the concentration of the reducing agent, or thio..

What is the main active ingredient in true acid and acid-balanced waving lotions?

What chemical side bonds are formed when two sulfur-type chains are joined together?

Hair that is treated with hydroxide relaxers must not be treated with ___.

Without a thorough understanding of ___, cosmetologist could damage hair, cause hair loss and harm their clients and themselves.

Which relaxer contains only one component and is used without mixing?

Which bonds are relatively weak physical side bonds resulting from an attraction between negative and positive electrical charges, and are easily broken by changes in pH?

The range of numbers used in the pH scale is ___.

The process that stops the action of permanent wave solution and rebuilds the hair into its new form is called ___.

During a relaxer strand test, hair that is pressed to the scalp and continues to curl is ___.

Modern acid waves are actually ___ waves, which are permanent waves that have a 7.0 or neutral pH.

chemical services should not be performed if the scalp analysis shows any signs of ___.

Overq processed hair that is further processed will become ___ and cause further damage, including breakage.

Hair that has been treated with a hydroxide relaxer is unfit for ___ and will not hold a curl.

What tough exterior layer of the hair has the purpose of surrounding the inner layers and protecting the hair from damage?

What are the most common reducing agents used in permanent waving?

The ___, also known as straight set wrap, is a wrapping pattern in which all the rods within a panel move in the same direction and are positioned on equal-sized bases.

Which compounds are made up of carbon, oxygen, hydrogen, nitrogen and sulfur?

What hair layer does a relaxer penetrate?