WorksheetsAP World History Review 5.8-5.10
Total questions: 26
Worksheet time: 13mins
During the nineteenth century, Asian and African rulers usually desired transfer of which of the following western technologies most?
Medicines
Weapons
Navigational instruments
Textile manufacturing equipment
Which of the following best describes an important difference between Karl Marx’s theory of socialist revolution and that of V. I. Lenin?
Only Marx stressed the importance of the “class struggle” in history.
Only Marx thought that a socialist revolution must be achieved through parliamentary reform.
Only Lenin argued that the workers’ revolution would have to be led by professional revolutionaries.
Only Lenin argued that revolution would occur in the most industrialized countries.
PERCENTAGES OF WORKERS EMPLOYED IN TEXTILE FACTORIES IN ENGLAND BY AGE AND GENDER, 1835–1867
YearChildren (8–12 years)Women (13 years and over)Men (13 years and over)183515.947.337.718387.954.038.118477.954.937.218506.855.337.718567.756.236.118619.055.835.2186710.056.133.8
Source: Data adapted from Clark Nardinelli, “Child Labor and the Factory Acts,” The Journal of Economic History, 40:4 (1980): 744.
The data were compiled by British government inspectors who reported their findings to the British Parliament.
Question
The high proportion of women and children among the workers reflected in the table is best seen in the context of the
low wages of workers in industrial societies
resistance of older male workers to being displaced by younger workers
persistence of guild regulations and other traditional restrictions on labor practices
decrease in family size associated with greater income
The data in the table best provide historical context to understand which of the following developments in mid-nineteenth-century Great Britain?
Pollution resulting from industrial manufacturing
The emergence of social reform movements
The development of better transportation infrastructure
The increasing demand for consumer goods
Which of the following best describes how nineteenth-century European industrialization affected European women’s lives?
By the end of the century, new social welfare legislation made it possible for most women to earn university degrees.
Married women found it increasingly difficult to balance wage work and family responsibilities.
By the end of the century, women gained the right to vote in most European countries.
Women came to dominate the agricultural workforce as men moved to cities to take industrial jobs.
Question
The gender and age makeup of the workforce shown in Image 2 best illustrates which of the following phenomena in mid-nineteenth-century European society?
Working-class families and bourgeois families generally had similar occupational patterns.
Within factories, skilled workers continued to be predominantly male, while women and children continued to perform mostly unskilled factory work.
The development of working-class neighborhoods was characterized by unsanitary living conditions and high levels of crime.
As more women moved into office or clerical jobs, factory owners’ treatment of female workers improved.
Question
In the second half of the nineteenth century, the working conditions depicted in Image 2 served as an inspiration for those arguing that
oil and electricity rather than coal should become the basis of a new industrial economy
the negative environmental impacts of industrialization should be addressed by stringent regulations
the negative social effects of capitalism should be alleviated by enacting factory regulations
a Protestant work ethic was the most important factor behind Europe’s global economic dominance
“Without a revolutionary theory there can be no revolutionary movement. The role of vanguard fighter can be fulfilled only by a party that is guided by the most advanced theory. We have said that there could not have been Social-Democratic consciousness among the workers. It could only be brought to them from without. The history of all countries shows that the working class, exclusively by its own effort, is able to develop only trade union consciousness, i.e., the conviction that it is necessary to combine in unions, fight the employers, and strive to compel the government to pass necessary labor legislation. The theory of socialism, however, grew out of the philosophic, historical, and economic theories elaborated by educated representatives of the propertied classes, the intellectuals. Our worst sin with regard to organization is that by our amateurishness we have lowered the prestige of revolutionaries in Russia.”
Vladimir Lenin, Russian exile in Switzerland, What Is to Be Done?, 1902
Question
In the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, some governments responded to the growing popularity of ideas such as the ones expressed in the passage by doing which of the following?
Increasing the number of financial instruments available to help expand transnational businesses
Expanding colonial territories and increasing industrial production
Passing reforms designed to improve the conditions of industrial workers
Opening large sectors of the economy to foreign direct investment
“Without a revolutionary theory there can be no revolutionary movement. The role of vanguard fighter can be fulfilled only by a party that is guided by the most advanced theory. We have said that there could not have been Social-Democratic consciousness among the workers. It could only be brought to them from without. The history of all countries shows that the working class, exclusively by its own effort, is able to develop only trade union consciousness, i.e., the conviction that it is necessary to combine in unions, fight the employers, and strive to compel the government to pass necessary labor legislation. The theory of socialism, however, grew out of the philosophic, historical, and economic theories elaborated by educated representatives of the propertied classes, the intellectuals. Our worst sin with regard to organization is that by our amateurishness we have lowered the prestige of revolutionaries in Russia.”
Vladimir Lenin, Russian exile in Switzerland, What Is to Be Done?, 1902
Question
The views expressed in the passage best illustrate which of the following processes?
The modification of the economic theories of Adam Smith and John Stuart Mill in European universities
The desire to retain preindustrial forms of economic production by many imperial governments
The formulation of alternative visions of society in response to the spread of global capitalism
The expansion of the middle classes in newly industrialized societies
Which of following best explains a likely reason for the title of the image?
The prevalence of slave labor, which was used within the factories
The soot pollution, which resulted from the coal industry in the region
The increase in the use of timber, which was transported along the canals
The construction of factory buildings, which increased throughout the town
“Nobody has one exclusive sphere of activity but each can become accomplished in any branch he wishes, society regulates the general production and thus makes it possible for me to do one thing today and another tomorrow, to hunt in the morning, fish in the afternoon, raise cattle in the evening, [and] criticize after dinner.”
Karl Marx, German philosopher, describing his view of life in a communist society, 1846
Marx’s statement in the passage above is best understood in the context of which of the following responses to the development and spread of global capitalism in the nineteenth century?
A movement to gain higher wages and shorter hours for workers
A movement to articulate an alternative vision of society
A movement to convince workers that global capitalism would ultimately benefit them
A movement to celebrate the productive capacity of global capitalism
“The essence of education, our traditional national aim, is to promote benevolence, justice, loyalty, filial piety, and knowledge and skill. But recently, people have been going to extremes by embracing a foreign civilization whose only values are fact-gathering and technical-skill. These values bring harm to our customary ways. We try to incorporate the best features of foreigners in order to achieve the lofty goals that the Meiji emperor desires. We have tried to abandon the undesirable practices of the past and learn from the outside world. But these policies have had a serious defect. They have reduced benevolence, justice, loyalty, and filial piety to secondary goals. If we indiscriminately imitate foreign ways, our people will forget the great principles governing the relations between ruler and subject and the relations between father and son.”
Motoday Nagazane, adviser to the Meiji emperor, treatise written following a tour of Japanese schools with the emperor, 1879
Question
Which of the following states in the nineteenth century experienced social tensions resulting from the introduction of foreign cultural influences in a way most similar to that described in the passage?
The Ottoman Empire
Russia
Australia
The United States
Which of the following was the primary Ottoman response to the processes depicted in Map 2 ?
Attempts to convert the empire’s non-Muslim population to Islam
Efforts to transform the empire into a parliamentary democracy
Attempts to reconcile Islamic law with Marxist ideals
Efforts to reform the government despite considerable internal opposition
Poster from the Seventeenth Congress of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union, 1934.
Poster text: “Raise the Flag of Lenin, It Gives Us Victory!”
Banners at bottom read: “Long live the invincible party of Lenin!” “Long live the great guide of the international proletarian revolution, Comrade Stalin!”
Question
The ideology reflected in the poster was most directly the result of which of the following developments in the nineteenth century?
Growing discontent with traditional forms of government led to the development of new political ideas.
Rebellions against imperial rule led to the formation of new independent states.
Demands for an expanded suffrage including women and the working class challenged existing political hierarchies.
Enlightenment philosophers and writers increasingly turned to empiricism and denounced the role of religion in political life.
Members of which of the following groups led opposition to industrialization in both Qing China and the Ottoman Empire?
Government officials
Landless peasants
Merchants
Clerics
“The [Qing] government sponsored a number of projects designed to bolster the navy. The idea was to adopt Western technology but not the values and philosophies that produced it—China would learn from the West, equal it, and then surpass it.”
Haiwang Yuan, editor, historian, This is China: The First 5,000 Years, 2010
The philosophy behind the late-nineteenth-century Chinese policy mentioned above was part of which of the following?
The increase in millenarian movements in the nineteenth century
The Chinese government’s embrace of procolonial policies
The Chinese government’s attempt to reform the economy through self-strengthening
The increasing popularity of Communist thought in China
Which of the following was a widespread social consequence of industrialization in the 1800s?
A decline in the social status of women
An increase in the power and prestige of the landowning aristocracy
The general leveling of social hierarchies based on wealth
The creation of a wage-earning working class concentrated in urban areas
Question
“Eight hours’ daily labour is enough for any human being, and under proper arrangements sufficient to afford an ample supply of food, raiment and shelter, or the necessaries and comforts of life, and for the remainder of his time, every person is entitled to education, recreation and sleep.”
Robert Owen, British factory owner and reformer, 1833
The excerpt above emphasizes which of the following solutions to the exploitation of industrial laborers?
Radical changes to the socioeconomic structure of Europe
Abolition of the factory system and industrial wage labor
Free food, housing, and other necessities for factory workers
Sufficient wages for factory workers to live full, comfortable lives
“All the world knows that since the first days of the Ottoman state, the lofty principles of the Qur’an and the rules of the Shari‘a were always perfectly preserved. Our mighty sultanate reached the highest degree of strength and power, and all its subjects reached the highest degree of ease and prosperity. But in the last one hundred and fifty years, because of a succession of difficult and diverse causes, the sacred Shari‘a was not obeyed nor were the beneficent regulations followed; consequently, the empire’s former strength and prosperity have changed into weakness and poverty. It is evident that countries not governed by the Shari‘a cannot survive.
Full of confidence in the help of the God, and certain of the support of our Prophet, we deem it necessary and important from now on to introduce new legislation in order to achieve effective administration of the Ottoman government and provinces.”
Mustafa Reshid Pasha, Ottoman Foreign Minister, imperial decree announcing the Tanzimat reforms, 1839
Question
A historian interpreting the decree would best understand the purpose of the “new legislation” referred to in the second paragraph as an attempt to
establish the Ottoman Empire as a European power by conquering territory in southern Europeestablish Ottoman colonies in sub-Saharan Africa to extract natural resources for factories
establish Ottoman colonies in sub-Saharan Africa to extract natural resources for factories
allow the Ottoman government to reconquer territories lost to the Safavid and Mughal empires
allow the Ottoman government to compete against industrializing European powers
“All the world knows that since the first days of the Ottoman state, the lofty principles of the Qur’an and the rules of the Shari‘a were always perfectly preserved. Our mighty sultanate reached the highest degree of strength and power, and all its subjects reached the highest degree of ease and prosperity. But in the last one hundred and fifty years, because of a succession of difficult and diverse causes, the sacred Shari‘a was not obeyed nor were the beneficent regulations followed; consequently, the empire’s former strength and prosperity have changed into weakness and poverty. It is evident that countries not governed by the Shari‘a cannot survive.
Full of confidence in the help of the God, and certain of the support of our Prophet, we deem it necessary and important from now on to introduce new legislation in order to achieve effective administration of the Ottoman government and provinces.”
Mustafa Reshid Pasha, Ottoman Foreign Minister, imperial decree announcing the Tanzimat reforms, 1839
Question
The decree’s references to following the rules of Shari‘a would best be interpreted as an attempt to appeal to
members of the Ottoman military establishment who supported the dissolution of elite units such as the Janissaries
Christian and Jewish merchants within Ottoman society who sought to benefit from economic liberalization
Sunni religious elites within the Ottoman government who opposed modernization
Shi‘a communities in the Ottoman Empire that wanted a democratic Islamic republic
“All the world knows that since the first days of the Ottoman state, the lofty principles of the Qur’an and the rules of the Shari‘a were always perfectly preserved. Our mighty sultanate reached the highest degree of strength and power, and all its subjects reached the highest degree of ease and prosperity. But in the last one hundred and fifty years, because of a succession of difficult and diverse causes, the sacred Shari‘a was not obeyed nor were the beneficent regulations followed; consequently, the empire’s former strength and prosperity have changed into weakness and poverty. It is evident that countries not governed by the Shari‘a cannot survive.
Full of confidence in the help of the God, and certain of the support of our Prophet, we deem it necessary and important from now on to introduce new legislation in order to achieve effective administration of the Ottoman government and provinces.”
Mustafa Reshid Pasha, Ottoman Foreign Minister, imperial decree announcing the Tanzimat reforms, 1839
Question
The decree’s statement regarding the change in the situation of the Ottoman Empire, as described in the first paragraph, is a viewpoint that would most likely have been shared by members of which of the following governments in the nineteenth century?
The Russian Empire in the aftermath of its victory in the Napoleonic War
The Qing Empire in the aftermath of the signing of the unequal treaties
The Japanese Empire in the immediate aftermath of the Sino-Japanese War
The Mughal Empire in the aftermath of the Indian Rebellion against the British
"The proletariat [working class] grows together with the growth of capitalism. But the day when power goes over into the hands of the proletariat depends immediately not on the level of the productive forces, but on a series of subjective factors: tradition, initiative, readiness for struggle. In a country which is economically more backward, the proletariat can come to power sooner than in an advanced capitalist country.”
Leon Trotsky, Russian communist leader, article, 1906
Which of the following best represents the purpose of Trotsky’s statement in the passage above?
To argue that Russia is ripe for a socialist revolution, despite being less industrialized than other European countries
To question the applicability of Marxist class categories outside of western Europe
To demonstrate that historical change is ultimately driven by individuals, rather than by large impersonal processes
To assert that the phase of proletarian dictatorship is a necessary prerequisite to a successful socialist revolution
Which of the following best explains why Japan was more successful than China in resisting imperialist encroachments in the nineteenth century?
Japan’s manipulaiton of the rivalries among western governments
The introduction of democracy by the Meiji Restoration
The willingness of Japan’s elite to sponsor reform
Abundant natural resources
“In the past, at the end of the Han, Tang, Yuan, and Ming dynasties, bands of rebels were innumerable, all because of foolish rulers and misgovernment, so that none of these rebellions could be stamped out. But today [the emperor] is deeply concerned and examines his character in order to reform himself, worships Heaven, and is sympathetic to the people. He has not increased the land tax, nor has he conscripted soldiers from households. . . . It does not require any great wisdom to see that sooner or later the [Taiping] bandits will all be destroyed.”
Zeng Guofan, Qing dynasty Chinese official, proclamation against the Taiping rebels, 1854
Question
Zeng Guofan’s analysis of the situation in China in 1854 was likely influenced by which of the following?
The Daoist notion of being in harmony with nature
The absolutist notion of the divine right of kings
The Buddhist notion of avoiding violence against any living thing
The Confucian notion of the dynastic cycle
“In the past, at the end of the Han, Tang, Yuan, and Ming dynasties, bands of rebels were innumerable, all because of foolish rulers and misgovernment, so that none of these rebellions could be stamped out. But today [the emperor] is deeply concerned and examines his character in order to reform himself, worships Heaven, and is sympathetic to the people. He has not increased the land tax, nor has he conscripted soldiers from households. . . . It does not require any great wisdom to see that sooner or later the [Taiping] bandits will all be destroyed.”
Zeng Guofan, Qing dynasty Chinese official, proclamation against the Taiping rebels, 1854
Question
In the passage above, Zeng Guofan’s purpose in listing the policies of the current Qing emperor is most likely to
demonstrate the similarity between the damage done by the Taiping rebellion to the Qing Empire and the damage done by earlier rebellions to other Chinese dynasties
mobilize popular support by showing that the Taiping rebellion does not represent a legitimate challenge to Qing rule
warn that the Qing policies of keeping taxes low and avoiding conscription might come to an end if the Taiping rebellion succeeds
argue that the emperor’s personal piety and benevolent rule prove that he accepts the validity of the Taiping rebels’ grievances
The labor patterns shown in the table are most directly relevant in understanding which broader process in nineteenth-century Europe?
The emergence of challenges to patriarchal gender norms
The decline in the popularity of organized religions
The development of new class identities
The growing influence of nationalism on state policy
