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WorksheetsTest #5 on Module 6 (only physiology part
Total questions: 27
Worksheet time: 18mins
- Have a single process extending from the cell body.
- This process divides into 2 branches which functions as a single axon.
- Located in ganglia outside of the brain and spinal cord
Unipolar
Multipolar
Bipolar
Anaxonic
- Most neurons in the brain and spinal cord
- Many processes arising from the soma and only one axon
- Most common type
Unipolar
Multipolar
Bipolar
Anaxonic
- Neurons located within specialized parts of the eyes, nose, and ears
- Have only 2 processes, one arising from each end of the cell body
Bipolar
Unipolar
Anaxonic
Multipolar
Have dendrites but no axons
Bipolar
Unipolar
Anaxonic
Multipolar
- ability to propagate electrical signal
- Voltage-gated channels along membrane open sequentially
Excitability
Conductivity
Secretion
Extreme longevity
Amitotic
- release of neurotransmitter in response to conductive activity
- Messenger is released from vesicle to influence target cell
Excitability
Conductivity
Secretion
Extreme longevity
Amitotic
cell can live throughout person’s lifetime
Excitability
Conductivity
Secretion
Extreme longevity
Amitotic
After fetal development, mitotic activity is lost in most neurons
Excitability
Conductivity
Secretion
Extreme longevity
Amitotic
- Require continuous supplies of oxygen and glucose
- Neurons can not survive for more than a few minutes without oxygen
(a)
Transmit signals away from the cell body
(a)
- AKA Neurolemmocytes
- Myelin Sheaths
- May regenerate damaged peripheral nerve fibers
- Allows faster action potential conduction along axons of PNS
(a)
- Form myelin sheaths around axons of neurons in the CNS
- Allows faster action potential conduction along axons of CNS
Oligodendrocytes
Ependymal Cells
Microglial Cells
Astrocytes
- Protects and insulates nerve cells.
- Increases the speed of nerve impulses.
- Formed by Schwann cells in the PNS and oligodendrocytes in the CNS
(a)
Axon
- Makes contact with other neurons, muscle cells, or glands
- Attaches to cell body at axon hillock (triangular region of soma)
- Cytoplasm called (a) ; membrane called axolemma
- Splits into branches called axon collaterals
- Ends in axon terminals
- Tips of axon terminals are synaptic knobs
- Synaptic knobs house synaptic vesicles containing neurotransmitter
- Axons function to conduct action potentials and then release neurotransmitter at synaptic knobs
Axon
- Makes contact with other neurons, muscle cells, or glands
- Attaches to cell body at _____ ______ (triangular region of soma)
- Cytoplasm called axoplasm; membrane called axolemma
- Splits into branches called axon collaterals
- Ends in axon terminals
- Tips of axon terminals are synaptic knobs
- Synaptic knobs house synaptic vesicles containing neurotransmitter
- Axons function to conduct action potentials and then release neurotransmitter at synaptic knobs
(a)
or afferent neurons provide the sensory functions and carry the info from the sensory receptors to the brain and spinal cord
- Most are unipolar but some are bipolar
- Detects stimuli
* Internal environment
*External environment
Sensory Neurons
Interneurons
Motor Neurons
- provide the integrative function and carry information within the brain or spinal cord
- Interprets sensory information and decides what to do
- Communicate between sensory and motor neurons
- Located within CNS; make up 99% of our neurons
- Generally are multipolar
Sensory Neurons
Interneurons
Motor Neurons
most important factor in setting RMP
(a)
- Consists of the brain and spinal cord
- Provides integrative function
Central Nervous System (CNS)
Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)
- The control center of the body
- Relays messages, processes info, compares and analyzes info
- Does not come in contact with the environment
(a)
- Functions to prepare the body for emergencies (“flight or fight” response)
- Normally results in increase in alertness and metabolic activity.
- Originates from the gray matter of the spinal cord to the organs
- Generally speeds up activity
- Ex: Dilate pupils, inhibits salivation, slows down digestion, increases heartbeat, stimulates glucose release from the liver, relaxes bronchi, bronchodilation
Sympathetic
Parasympathetic
- Originates from the brainstem and sacral region of the spinal cord to the organs.
- Maintains homeostasis when the body is at rest.
- Generally slows down activity.
- EX: Constrict pupils, stimulates salivation, contracts bronchi, slows down heartbeat, stimulates digestion, bronchoconstriction, contracts bladder, etc.
Sympathetic
Parasympathetic
- Transmit signals towards the cell body
- unmyelinated
(a)
Most abundant and versatile
- Support and anchor neurons
-Make exchanges between capillaries and neurons
- Stimulate synapse formation
-Control chemical environment around neurons by removing K+ and recycle neurotransmitters
- Cling to neurons and axon terminals
Oligodendrocytes
Ependymal Cells
Microglial Cells
Astrocytes
- Recapture and recycle neurotransmitters
- Replicates to occupy space of dying neurons
-Helps form the blood-brain barrier
- Increase neuronal functioning and participate in information processing in the brain
Oligodendrocytes
Ependymal Cells
Microglial Cells
Astrocytes
Touch nearby neurons, monitoring health.
- Can be transformed to a macrophage and have the ability to phagocytize microorganisms of neuronal debris and dead neurons.
- Least common type of glial cell
Oligodendrocytes
Ependymal Cells
Microglial Cells
Astrocytes
- Membrane proteins that maintain a concentration gradient by moving substances against their concentration gradient
- Require cellular energy
-Neurons have sodium-potassium pumps and calcium pumps in their membranes
Pumps
Channels
