Bandung as Sea of Fire was a fire that occurred in the city of Bandung on March 24, 1946. Within seven hours, about 200,000 residents of Bandung burned their homes.

British troops as part of the Brigade MacDonald arrived in Bandung on October 12, 1945. Bandung was deliberately burned by TRI and local people. There were black smoke billowing high into the air everywhere. The British Army began to attack so fierce. The greatest battle happened in the Village name Dayeuh Kolot, in South Bandung, where there were a large ammunition depot belonging to British. In this battle, Barisan Rakyat Indonesia destroyed the ammunition depot.

The strategy to fire Bandung was considered because the power of TRI and people’s militia was not comparable to the British forces and NICA. This incident inspired to create the famous song “Halo, Halo Bandung”.

What is the text about?

Bandung as Sea of Fire was a fire that occurred in the city of Bandung on March 24, 1946. Within seven hours, about 200,000 residents of Bandung burned their homes.

British troops as part of the Brigade MacDonald arrived in Bandung on October 12, 1945. Bandung was deliberately burned by TRI and local people. There were black smoke billowing high into the air everywhere. The British Army began to attack so fierce. The greatest battle happened in the Village name Dayeuh Kolot, in South Bandung, where there were a large ammunition depot belonging to British. In this battle, Barisan Rakyat Indonesia destroyed the ammunition depot.

The strategy to fire Bandung was considered because the power of TRI and people’s militia was not comparable to the British forces and NICA. This incident inspired to create the famous song “Halo, Halo Bandung”.

What happened in Bandung inspired the creation of ...

Bandung as Sea of Fire was a fire that occurred in the city of Bandung on March 24, 1946. Within seven hours, about 200,000 residents of Bandung burned their homes.

British troops as part of the Brigade MacDonald arrived in Bandung on October 12, 1945. Bandung was deliberately burned by TRI and local people. There were black smoke billowing high into the air everywhere. The British Army began to attack so fierce. The greatest battle happened in the Village name Dayeuh Kolot, in South Bandung, where there were a large ammunition depot belonging to British. In this battle, Barisan Rakyat Indonesia destroyed the ammunition depot.

The strategy to fire Bandung was considered because the power of TRI and people’s militia was not comparable to the British forces and NICA. This incident inspired to create the famous song “Halo, Halo Bandung”.

Why was Bandung finally fired?

The Proclamation of Indonesian Independence was read at 10.00 a.m. on Friday, 17 August 1945.

The declaration marked the start of the diplomatic and armed resistance of the Indonesian National Revolution, fighting against the forces of the Netherlands and pro-Dutch civilians, until the latter officially acknowledged Indonesia’s independence in 1949. The Netherlands declared that they had decided to accept de facto 17 August 1945 as Indonesia’s independence date. The United Nations, who mediated in the conflict, formally acknowledge the date of independence as 27 December 1949.

The document was signed by Sukarno and Mohammad Hatta, who were appointed president and vice-president respectively the following day.

What can we conclude from the text?

The Proclamation of Indonesian Independence was read at 10.00 a.m. on Friday, 17 August 1945.

The declaration marked the start of the diplomatic and armed resistance of the Indonesian National Revolution, fighting against the forces of the Netherlands and pro-Dutch civilians, until the latter officially acknowledged Indonesia’s independence in 1949. The Netherlands declared that they had decided to accept de facto 17 August 1945 as Indonesia’s independence date. The United Nations, who mediated in the conflict, formally acknowledge the date of independence as 27 December 1949.

The document was signed by Sukarno and Mohammad Hatta, who were appointed president and vice-president respectively the following day.

"The Netherlands declared that they had decided to accept de facto 17 August 1945 as Indonesia’s independence date."

The word "they" in the above sentence refers to ...

The Proclamation of Indonesian Independence was read at 10.00 a.m. on Friday, 17 August 1945.

The declaration marked the start of the diplomatic and armed resistance of the Indonesian National Revolution, fighting against the forces of the Netherlands and pro-Dutch civilians, until the latter officially acknowledged Indonesia’s independence in 1949. The Netherlands declared that they had decided to accept de facto 17 August 1945 as Indonesia’s independence date. The United Nations, who mediated in the conflict, formally acknowledge the date of independence as 27 December 1949.

The document was signed by Sukarno and Mohammad Hatta, who were appointed president and vice-president respectively the following day.

When did the pro-Dutch civilians officially acknowledge Indonesia's Independence?

When all those regional wars of independence failed, Indonesian nationalists began thinking of a more organized struggle against Dutch colonialism. The move began with the founding of Boedi Oetomo by Dr. Soetomo on 20 May 1908. This organization of Indonesian intellectuals was initially set up for educational purposes but later turned into politics.

In 1911, Sarekat Dagang Islam (the Society of Moslem Entrepreneurs) was formed by Haji Samanhudi and others. Its objective was at first to motivate and to promote Indonesian business in the Dutch East Indies. However, in 1912, this organization turned into a political party and was renamed Sarekat Islam.

In December 1912, Partai Indonesia was founded by Douwes Dekker with Dr. Tjipto Mangunkusumo and Ki Hajar Dewantoro (Suwardi Suryaningrat). The aim of the party was to strive for complete independence of Indonesia. All three leaders of the party were exiled by the colonial government in 1913.

In 1924, Perhimpunan Mahasiswa Indonesia (the Indonesian Students Association) was formed by Drs. Mohammad Hatta, Dr. Sukiman and others. This organization became a driving force of the nationalist movement to gain independence.

What is the text about?

When all those regional wars of independence failed, Indonesian nationalists began thinking of a more organized struggle against Dutch colonialism. The move began with the founding of Boedi Oetomo by Dr. Soetomo on 20 May 1908. This organization of Indonesian intellectuals was initially set up for educational purposes but later turned into politics.

In 1911, Sarekat Dagang Islam (the Society of Moslem Entrepreneurs) was formed by Haji Samanhudi and others. Its objective was at first to motivate and to promote Indonesian business in the Dutch East Indies. However, in 1912, this organization turned into a political party and was renamed Sarekat Islam.

In December 1912, Partai Indonesia was founded by Douwes Dekker with Dr. Tjipto Mangunkusumo and Ki Hajar Dewantoro (Suwardi Suryaningrat). The aim of the party was to strive for complete independence of Indonesia. All three leaders of the party were exiled by the colonial government in 1913.

In 1924, Perhimpunan Mahasiswa Indonesia (the Indonesian Students Association) was formed by Drs. Mohammad Hatta, Dr. Sukiman and others. This organization became a driving force of the nationalist movement to gain independence.

When was the three leaders of Partai Indonesia exiled by the colonial government?

In 7th-century Arabia, the prophet of Islam, Muhammad, claimed to have received the will of Allah through the angel Gabriel. Muhammad’s revelations (wahyu), eventually collected into an Arabic-language book called the Qur'an (Koran), provided the framework of Islamic governments. To spread the word of Allah, Muhammad instructed his followers to engage in military conquest. Muhammad and his Umayyad and Abbasid successors who occupied the caliphate, the office of supreme leader of the Muslims, spread Islam from India to Spain. The caliphate presided over the Islamic states, whose culture combined Byzantine, Persian, Babylonian, and Indian elements. A key link between them was the Arabic language, which all shared through the Qur’an.

Muslim traders exposed Indians to Islam during the 8th century, a period of anarchy on the Indian subcontinent. During the 11th and 12th centuries Muslim Turks and Afghans repeatedly raided India, destroying Hindu and Buddhist centers, until the founding of the Delhi sultanate in the early 13th century. By the time the Mongols captured Baghdād from the Abbasids in 1258, Islam had already taken root in India. Although slowed by Mongol invasions, the sultanate continued Muslim expansion in India.

What is the text about?

In 7th-century Arabia, the prophet of Islam, Muhammad, claimed to have received the will of Allah through the angel Gabriel. Muhammad’s revelations (wahyu), eventually collected into an Arabic-language book called the Qur'an (Koran), provided the framework of Islamic governments. To spread the word of Allah, Muhammad instructed his followers to engage in military conquest. Muhammad and his Umayyad and Abbasid successors who occupied the caliphate, the office of supreme leader of the Muslims, spread Islam from India to Spain. The caliphate presided over the Islamic states, whose culture combined Byzantine, Persian, Babylonian, and Indian elements. A key link between them was the Arabic language, which all shared through the Qur’an.

Muslim traders exposed Indians to Islam during the 8th century, a period of anarchy on the Indian subcontinent. During the 11th and 12th centuries Muslim Turks and Afghans repeatedly raided India, destroying Hindu and Buddhist centers, until the founding of the Delhi sultanate in the early 13th century. By the time the Mongols captured Baghdād from the Abbasids in 1258, Islam had already taken root in India. Although slowed by Mongol invasions, the sultanate continued Muslim expansion in India.

Why did Muhammad instruct his followers to engage in military conquest?

The Supersemar, the Indonesian abbreviation for “Surat Perintah Sebelas Maret” ( Order of March the Eleventh), was a document signed by the Indonesian President Sukarno on 11 March 1966.

It is said that it was giving the army commander Lt. General Soeharto authority to take whatever measures he ”deemed necessary” to restore order to the chaotic situation during the Indonesian killings of 1965-1966.

The abbreviation of “Supersemar” is a play on the name of Semar, the mystic and powerful figure who commonly appears in Javanese mythology including wayang puppet shows. The invocation of Semar was presumably intended to help draw on Javanese mythology to lend support to Soeharto’s legitimacy during the period of the transition of authority from Soekarno to Soeharto.

What is actually Supersemar?

The Supersemar, the Indonesian abbreviation for “Surat Perintah Sebelas Maret” ( Order of March the Eleventh), was a document signed by the Indonesian President Sukarno on 11 March 1966.

It is said that it was giving the army commander Lt. General Soeharto authority to take whatever measures he ”deemed necessary” to restore order to the chaotic situation during the Indonesian killings of 1965-1966.

The abbreviation of “Supersemar” is a play on the name of Semar, the mystic and powerful figure who commonly appears in Javanese mythology including wayang puppet shows. The invocation of Semar was presumably intended to help draw on Javanese mythology to lend support to Soeharto’s legitimacy during the period of the transition of authority from Soekarno to Soeharto.

It is said that it was…..(second paragraph line 1). What does the word “it” refer to?

The Java War of 1825-1830 constituted the last resistance of the Javanese aristocracy to Dutch rule. Its central figure was Pangeran Diponegoro, eldest son of the Sultan of Yogyakarta. The immediate cause of Diponegoro’s revolt in 1825 was the Dutch decision to build a road across a piece of his property that contained a sacred tomb. Thereupon ensued the Java War, a bitter guerilla conflict in which as many as 200,000 Javanese died in fighting or from indirect causes.

When did the Java War begin?

The Java War of 1825-1830 constituted the last resistance of the Javanese aristocracy to Dutch rule. Its central figure was Pangeran Diponegoro, eldest son of the Sultan of Yogyakarta. The immediate cause of Diponegoro’s revolt in 1825 was the Dutch decision to build a road across a piece of his property that contained a sacred tomb. Thereupon ensued the Java War, a bitter guerilla conflict in which as many as 200,000 Javanese died in fighting or from indirect causes

What was the cause of the war?

The Java War of 1825-1830 constituted the last resistance of the Javanese aristocracy to Dutch rule. Its central figure was Pangeran Diponegoro, eldest son of the Sultan of Yogyakarta. The immediate cause of Diponegoro’s revolt in 1825 was the Dutch decision to build a road across a piece of his property that contained a sacred tomb. Thereupon ensued the Java War, a bitter guerilla conflict in which as many as 200,000 Javanese died in fighting or from indirect causes.

“Its central figure was Pangeran Diponegoro, eldest son of the Sultan of Yogyakarta.”. What does the word its refer to?

Two of the major events of the Cold War took place in Berlin. After World War II the city was divided into four zones. The French, British and American zone became West Berlin and the Soviet zone became East Berlin. When the Soviets tried to cut off supply routes to the city the Americans reacted by airlifting food, clothes and other supplies to Berlin to help the city survive.

In the 1950s many East Berliners moved to West Berlin to escape Communism. The East German government had no way stopping them. During this decade thousands of people crossed the border to freedom. In 1961 the East German government erected a wall around Berlin. It became the most famous symbol of the Cold War.

Which countries as a part of West Berlin?

Two of the major events of the Cold War took place in Berlin. After World War II the city was divided into four zones. The French, British and American zone became West Berlin and the Soviet zone became East Berlin. When the Soviets tried to cut off supply routes to the city the Americans reacted by airlifting food, clothes and other supplies to Berlin to help the city survive.

In the 1950s many East Berliners moved to West Berlin to escape Communism. The East German government had no way stopping them. During this decade thousands of people crossed the border to freedom. In 1961 the East German government erected a wall around Berlin. It became the most famous symbol of the Cold War.

How Berlin could survive when Soviet cut off supply route?

Two of the major events of the Cold War took place in Berlin. After World War II the city was divided into four zones. The French, British and American zone became West Berlin and the Soviet zone became East Berlin. When the Soviets tried to cut off supply routes to the city the Americans reacted by airlifting food, clothes and other supplies to Berlin to help the city survive.

In the 1950s many East Berliners moved to West Berlin to escape Communism. The East German government had no way stopping them. During this decade thousands of people crossed the border to freedom. In 1961 the East German government erected a wall around Berlin. It became the most famous symbol of the Cold War.

Why did the people of East Berlin move to the West Berlin?

The Supersemar, the Indonesian abbreviation for “Surat Perintah Sebelas Maret” ( Order of March the Eleventh), was a document signed by the Indonesian President Sukarno on 11 March 1966.

It is said that it was giving the army commander Lt. General Soeharto authority to take whatever measures he ”deemed necessary” to restore order to the chaotic situation during the Indonesian killings of 1965-1966.

The abbreviation of “Supersemar” is a play on the name of Semar, the mystic and powerful figure who commonly appears in Javanese mythology including wayang puppet shows. The invocation of Semar was presumably intended to help draw on Javanese mythology to lend support to Soeharto’s legitimacy during the period of the transition of authority from Soekarno to Soeharto.

How long was the chaotic situation happened?