Worksheetspsych chpt 8 memory and cognition
Total questions: 15
Worksheet time: 17mins
ability to store and retrieve information over time
memory
process of acquiring and using knowledge
cognition
Knowledge or experiences that can be consciously remembered
Explicit memory
Influence of experience on behavior, even if individual is not aware of influence
Implicit Memory
First hand experiences we have had
episodic
•memory of our knowledge of facts and concepts about the world
Semantic memory (explicit)
•often unexplainable knowledge of how to do things
procedural (implicit memory)
•association of neutral stimuli with another stimulus
Classical conditioning (implicit)
changes in behavior as result of experiences that have happened frequently or recently
Priming (implicit)
how much faster information is processed or learned when it is studied again after already having been learned but forgotten
Relearning (explicit)
measure of explicit memory that involves bringing from memory information that has previously been remembered. (two step process)
Recall memory test
Recognition memory
Measure of explicit memory that involves determining whether information has been seen or learned before (one step)
recall memory test
recognition memory
Information begins in Sensory memory, moves to short term memory, stored in Long term memory
true
false
Visual Sensory memory (decays rapidly)
Iconic memory
Auditory sensory memory (last longer)
Echoic
Long lasting visual sensory memory
Eidetic Imagery (photographic)
Which part of working memory controls how attention is directed?
the central executive
the mother board
the mneumonic processor
the director
process by which we place the things that we experience into memory
encoding
Process new information in ways that make it more relevant or meaningful
elaborate encoding
self-concept helps us organize and remember information better
self reference effect
Memory for information drops off quickly at first, but then levels off after time
forgetting curve
Learning is better when the same amount of study is spread out over periods of time than it is when it occurs closer together or at the same time
Spacing effect
Continue to practice and study even when we think that we have mastered the material
overlearning
Process of reactivating information that has been stored in memory
Retrieval
an increase in retrieval when the external situation in which information is learned matches the situation in which it is remembered
Context dependent learning
superior retrieval of memories when the individual is in the same physiological or psychological state as during encoding
State dependent learning
Existing memories influence our new learning
Intereference
occurs when learning something new impairs our ability to retrieve information that was learned earlier, works backwards
Retroactive intereference
earlier learning impairs our ability to encode information that we try to learn later.
proactive intereference
processes memories of information
hippoampus
processes memories of emotion
amygdala
Memories of movements (muscle memory)
cerebellum
Damage to the cerebellum is likely to interfere with
auditory processing
implicit memory
explicit memory
emotional memories
Which of the following brain areas have been important for memory
amygdala
hippocampus
cerebellum
all of the above
A memory disorder that involves the inability to remember information
Amnesia
A memory disorder that produces an inability to retrieve events that occurred before a given time
Damage to brain due to stroke, trauma, or infection
Retrograde amnesia
oInability to transfer information from short-term into long-term memory
oDamage to hippocampus
oImpossible to form new memories
Anterograde amnesia
Information-processing strategies that are useful in many cases, but may lead to errors when misapplied
Heuristic
Base our judgments on information that seems to represent, or match, what we expect will happen, while ignoring other potentially more relevant statistical information
Representative heuristic (gambler's fallacy)
•Tendency to make judgments of the frequency or likelihood that an event occurs on the basis of the ease with which it can be retrieved from memory
Availability heuristic
Tendency to think about and experience events according to “what might have been”
Counterfactual thinking
Tendency to remember things that attract our attention or stand out
Salient accesibility
