ability of a person to function effectively,

physically, socially, psychologically and spiritually.

good health is a state of complete

physical, social and mental well-being and not merely

the absence of disease or infirmity.

tool or mechanism for health-related learning

resulting in increase in knowledge, skill development

and change in behavior.

outer circle which are environmental and societal

dimensions

inner circle

state of one’s body like its fitness and

not being ill.

positive sense of purpose and underlying

brief in one’s own worth (self-esteem) like feeling good and

feeling able to cope.

ability to express one’s feelings

appropriately and to develop and sustain relationship

involves the support system that is available

from family members and friends

acceptance of the ability to achieve a

satisfactory expression of one’s sexuality

recognition of a supreme being or force

and the ability to put into practice one’s moral principles or

beliefs.

the link between and the health and the

way a society is structured.

the physical environment where

people live, it involves housing, transport, sanitation,

pollution and pure water facilities

Any endeavor directed at enhancing the quality of health and

wellbeing

Health Promotion is introduced in 1974 by

Power and authority to regulate the environment or social

climate.

A person’s level of functioning and is affected by certain

habits, their lifestyle, health care and child rearing practices

which are determined by one’s culture and ethnic heritage.

safety, oppression, people empowerment.

culture, habits and ethnic customs.

Understanding of genetically influenced diseases and

genetic risks.

Focus of healthcare is in the promotive, preventive, curative

and rehabilitative aspects of care.

a partnership approach to the effective

provision of essential health services that are community

based, accessible, acceptable sustainable and affordable.

factor or situations which exert negative effects on the

environment

families in lower income group are the ones mostly served

It is established standards and practices of living for

Babylonians.

It was based on promoting fairness and equality.

With an “eye for an eye” premise, some of the regulation

seem drastic compared to a present-day standard.

Early Greeks are known for their practice of worshipping

gods and goddesses

Early Greeks are known for their practice of worshipping

gods and goddesses

god of health

god of healing

goddess of health

restorer of health

Father of Medicine

he believed health to be dependent upon equilibrium

among the mind, body and environment rather than the

whims of the Gods.

This belief known as the holistic approach in health care

practice today.

around 3000 B.C. contributed significantly to health through

progress made in disease prevention.

known for their efforts in developing hygiene

and water sanitation.

Developed sophisticated system to support pure water and

dispose wastes

They developed stringent regulation related to cleanliness,

food, drink exercise and sexual relation

the creation of the Mosaic

Code, about 1500 B.C, reflected in the Old Testament.

Under the leadership of Moses, Mosaic Code- differentiated

clean from unclean and emphasized the segregation of those

with communicable disease.

principle of quarantine was to be of great importance in

later history

lacked originality for health promotion and disease

prevention practices

Medical practices of the Romans were obtained from their

conquered regions

physicians became slaves from these countries they conquered

public health with the establishment of regulations for sanitation, street cleaning, building construction, ventilation, and

heating among others

Health promotion practices, which

included exercise, massage and other therapeutic baths.

health as an interaction between a person

and his/her environment

ability of an individual to carry out the functions of daily life

without hindrance or pain

greatest advocates for health promotion of all ancient

cultures.

They viewed a healthy lifestyle by maintaining yin and yang

viewed as the female element associated with

negative energy, passiveness, destruction, the moon,

darkness and death.

viewed as the male element associated with

positive energy, action, generativity, the sun, light, and the

creativity of life

Maintenance of this balance resulted in perfect health of the

mind, body and spirit.

health and medicines of ancient worlds was lost

Roman Catholic Church claimed authority for the

welfare of society, and purity of the soul became the highest

of priorities.

who claimed authority for the welfare of society

became the highest

of priorities

Caring for the body such as daily bathing and exercise, was

viewed as a sinful indulgence resulting in neglect of the soul.

viewed as a sinful indulgence resulting in neglect of the soul.

very little was accomplished to promote health or to treat illnesses

return to scientific thought with attempts to understand and control life

the responsibility of society for public

health and welfare was at least recognized

improvement of medical technology

Colonies in America were being established, the colonies

were sparsely populated and remained isolated for many

years.

- colonial health was good

- the problems were minimal

first organized visiting of the sick

endeavored to practice the corporal works of mercy:

- Feed the hungry

- Give water to the thirsty

Nursing was the task of untrained slaves

introduced the caduceus, the insignia of the medical

profession today

the “Father of

Scientific Medicine.”

He made a major advance in medicine by

rejecting the belief that diseases had

supernatural causes

He developed assessment standards for

clients, established overall medical standards,

recognized the need for nurses.

Used massage therapy, hydrotherapy, and exercise as

preventive health measures

They also used many herbs, minerals & acupuncture to

heal the sick.

The nurturing functions of the nurse included roles as

midwife, herbalist, wet nurse, and carer for children and

the elderly.

Early hospital was staffed by male nurses

qualification for male nurses

qualification for male nurses

Indian women served as midwifes and nurse’s ill family

members

the period of “on-the-job” training

This period extends from the founding of religious nursing

orders in the Crusades

Nursing care was performed without any formal education

& by the people who were directed by more experienced

nurses.

Religious orders were responsible

for the development of this kind of nursing

were the holy wars waged in an attempt to recapture the

Holy Land from the Turks who denied pilgrims

permission to visit the Holy Sepulcher.

established hospitals that were

staffed with men.

Devoted to religious life and nursing

Established tent hospitals for wounded.

nursing care of

lepers

Were members of a monastic order founded in 1348

They established the Alexian Brothers Hospital School

of Nursing

It operated exclusively for men and closed in 1969.

General public health declined and death from preventable

disease increased

transition of the country’s economic foundation from

agriculture to industry.

created the committee on Training of

Nurses

Superintendent of Female Nurses

founded the American Red

Cross

Began on June 15, 1860 when the Florence Nightingale

School of Nursing opened at St. Thomas Hospital in London

relatively permanent change as

a result of experience.

enables individuals to adapt to demands and changing

circumstances and is crucial in health care.

coherent framework of integrated constructs and

principles that describe, explain, or predict how people

learn.

willingness and eagerness of an

individual to learn something new.

states that those things that are most often repeated are

the ones that are best remembered.

that learning is strengthened when accompanied by a

pleasant or satisfying feeling

- provides a pleasant effect.

the state of being first, often creates a strong impression

which may be very difficult to change.

states that things most recently learned are best

remembered.

implies that a learner will learn more from the the real

thing than from a substitute

states that things freely learned are best learned.

Behaviorist Learning Theory

unlearned response that

occurs naturally in response to the unconditioned stimulus

one that unconditionally,

naturally and automatically triggers a response

learned response to the

previously neutral stimulus

previously neutral stimulus that,

after becoming associated with the unconditioned stimulus,

comes to trigger a conditioned response

Operant Conditioning

A response or behavior is strengthened by the addition of

something as praise or reward

A response is strengthened by the removal of something

considered unpleasant

the presentation of an adverse event or outcome that cause a

decrease in the behavior.

by application,

involve s the presentation of an unfavorable event or

outcome in order to weaken the response

by removal,

occurs when an favorable event or outcome is removed

after a behavior occurs.

key to learning and changing is the individual’s

cognition.

perspective on learning that includes

consideration of the personal characteristics of the learner,

behavior patterns, and the environment.

necessary condition for any learning to occur.

involves the storage and retrieval of what was observed.

during which the learner copies the observed behavior

focuses on whether the learner is motivated to perform

a certain type of behavior.

applied extensively to the

understanding of aggression and

psychological disorders, particularly in the context of

behavior modification

Purposes

systematic, sequential, logical, scientifically based,

planned course of action

needs are gaps in knowledge that exist between the desired

level of performance and actual level of performance.

determinants of learning

the time when the learner demonstrates an

interest in learning the type or degree of information

necessary to maintain optimal health or to become more

skillful in a job.

ability of complexity of task,

environmental effects, health status and gender

- Anxiety level

- includes support system, motivation, risk-taking

behavior, frame of mind, developmental stage

- Anxiety level

- includes support system, motivation, risk-taking

behavior, frame of mind, developmental stage

- Level of aspiration

- Past coping mechanisms, cultural background,

locus of control, orientation

- Present knowledge base

- Cognitive ability, learning disabilities, learning

styles

ways individuals process information

There is no “correct” or “wrong” side of the brain.

There is no “correct” or “wrong” side of the brain.

self-reporting instrument that is widely used in the

identification of how individuals prefer to function, learn,

concentrate, and perform in their educational activities

learning is a result of

past experiences, heredity, and the demands of the present

environment.

To meet the health-related educational needs of learners, a

______ must be used.

refers to age related changes from

birth throughout the person’s life into and during old age

only a relative indicator of someone’s

physical, cognitive, psychosocial stage of development

used based on the confirmation

by psychologists that human growth and development are

sequential but not always specifically age-related.

helping children to learn

helping adults learn.

teaching of older persons

Physical:

- Dependent on environment, needs security, explore self

and environment, natural curiosity

Physical:

- Fine and gross motor skills become increasingly more

refined and coordinated

- imaginary playmates

Physical:

- gross and fine motor abilities are increasingly more coordinated

- Girls more so to experience prepubescent bodily changes

Physical:

- Abstract, hypothetical

- Can build on past experiences

- Motivated by desire for social acceptance

- Peer group is important

Physical:

- body is at its optimal functioning capacity.

- Autonomous, self-directed

- Uses personal experience to enhance or interfere with learning

- Intrinsic motivation

- Able to analyze critically

Physical:

- their sense of who they are is well developed

- Skin and muscle tone decreases, metabolism slows down, body weight tends to increase, endurance and energy levels lessen, hormonal changes bring about a variety of symptoms, and hearing and visual acuity begin to diminish.

Physical:

- suffer from at least one chronic condition

- visual and auditory changes.

- Hearing loss

Cognitive:

permanent cellular alterations

Cognitive:

teaching–learning situation with

confidence in their abilities.

Cognitive:

- fully developed

- continue to accumulate new knowledge and skills

- continue in the formal operations stage.

Cognitive:

- abstract thought and complex logical reasoning

- conceptualize and internalize ideas

- understand the concept of health and illness

Cognitive:

Concrete operations

- logical thought processes and the ability to reason inductively and deductively develop.

- think more objectively, willing to listen , and will selectively use questioning to find answers to the unknown

Cognitive:

Preoperational period

- egocentric

- unaware of others’ thoughts

- very curious, think intuitively,

and pose questions about almost anything.

Cognitive:

Sensorimotor stage

- Learning is enhanced through sensory experiences and through movement and manipulation of objects in the environment capacity.

- basic for reasoning, understands object

permanence, beginnings of memory, elementary concept of causality.

Psychosocial:

Trust vs. mistrust

Autonomy vs. shame:

feelings of love and hate and learn to cooperate and

control willful desires

Teaching Strategies:

- Orient teaching to caregiver

- repetition and limitation of information

- Stimulate all the senses

- safety and security

- play and manipulation of object

Psychosocial

Initiative versus guilt: Ability to be self-starter to

initiate one’s own activity

Teaching Strategies:

- Use warm approach, build trust, use repetition of information,

- manipulation of equipment.

- Explain procedures briefly.

- Provide safe environment,

- Use positive reinforcement.

- Use play therapy with dolls and puppet to stimulate senses

Psychosocial:

Industry versus inferiority

- self-concept

Teaching Strategies:

- independence and active participation

- logical explanations

- role models

- play therapy

- group activates

- diagram, models or pictures

Psychosocial:

- Identity versus role confusion

- comparing their self-image with an ideal image

- Adolescents find themselves in a struggle to establish their own identity, match their skills with career choices, and determine their “self.

Teaching Strategies:

- emotional and financial support

- goals and expectations

- Assess stress level

- Respect values and norm

- Engage in teaching 1:1 without parents present

Psychosocial:

- Intimacy versus isolation.

- establish a trusting, satisfying, and permanent relationship

with others

- establish commitment to others in their personal, occupational, and social lives.

Teaching Strategies:

-problem centered focus

- meaningful experiences

- active participation

- set own pace

- Organize materials

- social role

- Apply new knowledge through role playing and hands-on

practice

Psychosocial:

- Generativity versus self-absorption and stagnation:

Midlife marks a point at which adults realize that half

of their life has been spent. This realization may cause

them to their level of achievement and success.

Teaching Strategies:

- maintaining independence

- Assess positive and negative past experiences

- Assess potential cause of stress caused by midlife issues

- Provide information that coincide with life concerns and problems

Psychosocial:

Ego integrity versus despair: This phase of elderly

includes dealing with the reality of aging, the

acceptance of the inevitability that we all will die.

Teaching Strategies:

- Involve principal caregiver

- Encourage participation

- Provide resources for support

- Assess coping mechanism

- Provide written instructions for reinforcement

- Provide anticipatory problem