Normally p53 has 3 main functions:

a. Recognize ________________ and stop the cell cycle

b. Recruit DNA ______________ enzymes

c. Trigger programmed cell death, called _______________

A substance that mutates DNA is called a ______________ and a substance that mutates DNA in a way that causes cancer is called a ________________.

Cancer cells usually have 2 or more of the following characteristics:

a. Up-regulated genes called ________________ that increase the cell cycle.

b. Cells do not have a normal lifespan and become _________________.

c. They spread to other parts of the body through a process called ________________.

d. Cause an increase in new blood vessels called ________________.

Checkpoints are points in the cell cycle where proteins are involved in searching for DNA _________________.

The cell cycle is controlled by _________________ that ensure the full completion of one phase before advancing to the next phase.

. Genes that normally increase the rate of cell division, such as during wound healing or growth, are called ______-_____________, when those normal genes become mutated and then increase cell division when they shouldn’t, they are called _________________.

The root cause of cancer is

Chronic stress can impact cancer cell growth because stress causes the production of cortisol that inhibits the _______________ system

Chronic stress can impact cancer cell growth because stress causes the production of cortisol that inhibits the _______________ system

The study of cancer is called _______________.

An important tumour-suppressor gene is called _________ and acts at the _____ checkpoint

. If a DNA mutation is found, the cell cycle becomes __________ at that stage.

A ____________ tumour is not cancerous

Dioxins

Genes that normally prevent cell division from continuing at checkpoints if a mutation is detected are _________-_____________ genes.

Radiation, benzopyrene

If cancer cells develop, immune cells called _________________ cells as well as _______________ can kill them.

Aflatoxin

. If p53 is mutated then 2 things can occur: a. _________________________ b. _________________________

Viruses

Formaldehyde

If a mutation occurs then either the mutation is __________ or the cells dies in a process called _______________.

The ________ checkpoint looks for mutations before DNA replication begins

Approximately _______% of cancers are caused by inherited mutations, _____% are caused by environmental factors

The ________ checkpoint looks for mutations after DNA replication occurred.

Replication mistakes can be quite high, therefore we have many DNA ___________ enzymes that can fix mutations

. The final checkpoint occurs during _____________.

_____________ occurs when mutated cells continue to divide and are not regulated by the cellular checkpoints.