WorksheetsGeneral Psychology exam 2 review
Total questions: 80
Worksheet time: 41mins
Theory of mind
the knowledge that people think and have private experiences
the knowledge that people know and have private experiences
none
Pragmatics are
rules associated with word and structure. Includes phonemes, morphemes, syntax, semantics, and pragmatics
rule for where to place words and phrases
social language skills we use in interactions, including what we say, how we say it, and body language
none
Hindsight Bias
repost falsely that we predicted an outcome
search for & use only info that supports our ideas
predict probability based on ease of recall
none
True or False there are 4 levels of consciousness ?
True
False
Higher level consciousness
Is uncontrolled processing that actively focuses efforts towards a goal and requires attention
Is controlled processing that actively focuses efforts towards a goal and requires attention
none
Lower level consciousness
Automatic processing that requires little attention/ conscious effort and may not interfere with other activities
Automatic processing that requires a ton of attention/conscious effort and may interfere with other activities
none
Altered states of consciousness
The drug state, causes mental disorders, fatigue, illness, trauma, deprivation, meditation, and hypnosis
The non drug state, causes mental disorders, fatigue, illness, trauma, deprivation, meditation, and hypnosis
none
Subconscious awareness
Brain activity occurring without your awareness
Brain activity occurring with your awareness
none
True or False no awareness is the unconscious thought and non-conscious process
True
False
True or false REM sleep is rapid-eye-movement
True
False
Sleep disorder/deprivation cause
increase alertness and cognitive performance, ability to sustain attention, more complex brain activity. adverse effects on decision making
decrease alertness and cognitive performance, inability to sustain attention, less complex brain activity, and adverse effects on decision making
none
Circadian rhythms
prepares the body for change in the environment such as the time for activities , time for sleep, and time to eat
prepares the body for change in the brain such as time for activities, time for sleep, and time to eat
None
Which of the following are theories of dreams?
Freud's psychodynamic approach
manifest approach
latent approach
Activation-Synthesis theory
Latent content means...
The brain makes "sense' out of random brain activity
the surface content of a dream, containing a dream symbols that disguise the dreams true meaning
a dream hidden content; it's the true meaning (unconscious)
none
Activation-synthesis theory of dreaming
the brain makes "sense" out of random brain activity
the surface content of a dream, containing a dream symbol that disguise the dreams ture meaning
a dreams hidden content; it's true meaning (unconscious)
none
Manifest content
the brain makes "sense' out of random brain activity
the surface content of a dream containing a dream symbol that disguise the dreams true meaning
a dreams hidden content; its true mean
none
Physical dependence
A strong desire to repeat the use of a drug for emotional and behavioral reasons
unpleasant withdraws symptoms or cravings when drug is discontinued (pain, sweating, sickness)
neither
Psychological dependence
a strong desire to repeat the use of a drug for emotional and behavioral reasons
unpleasant withdraws symptoms or cravings when drug is discontinued (pain, sweating, sickness)
neither
associative learning
a theory learning that focuses solely on
observable behaviors, discounting the importance of mental
activity such as thinking, wishing and hoping.
a systematic, relatively enduring change in behavior or thinking that
occurs through experience
Learning that occurs through associations (conditioning)
none
Pavlov experiment ....
gave meat powder to dogs
Noticed that cues other than the meat
powder made them salivate
Set up the first classical conditioning
experiment
all of the above
True or false aversive conditioning is Antabuse & Alcohol ?
True
False
What did B.F. Skinner contribute to the field of learning?
he expanded on Thorndike’s work
gave meat powder to dogs
shaping - reward approximations
of the desired behavior
Set up the first classical conditioning
experiment
Reinforcement is
behavior followed by rewarding consequence & rewarding stimulus is “added”
the process by which a stimulus or
event following a particular behavior increases
the probability of the behavior happening again.
behavior followed by rewarding consequence &aversive (unpleasant) stimulus is “removed”
none
Positive Reinforcement is
behavior followed by rewarding consequence & rewarding stimulus is “added”
the process by which a stimulus or
event following a particular behavior increases
the probability of the behavior happening again.
behavior followed by rewarding consequence & aversive (unpleasant) stimulus is “removed”
None
Negative Reinforcement
behavior followed by rewarding consequence & rewarding stimulus is “added”
the process by which a stimulus or
event following a particular behavior increases
the probability of the behavior happening again.
behavior followed by rewarding consequence & aversive (unpleasant) stimulus is “removed”
none
Learned helplessness is
behaviors are rewarded
intermittently (not every time)
an organism learns it has no control over negative
outcomes
Specific patterns
that determine when a behavior will be
reinforced.
none
Positive Punishment is
behavior followed by aversive consequence
& rewarding stimulus is “removed”
behavior followed by aversive consequence
& aversive (unpleasant) stimulus is “added”
none
Negative Punishment is
behavior followed by aversive consequence
& aversive (unpleasant) stimulus is “added”
behavior followed by aversive consequence
& rewarding stimulus is “removed”
none
Which of the following 2 have to due with Schedules of Reinforcement?
Fixed Interval (FI)
Variable Interval (VI)
Positive Punishment
Negative Punishment
Fixed Interval (FI) is
reinforcement follows behavior that
occurs after an unpredictable
amount of time has elapsed
reinforcement follows behavior that
occurs after a set amount of time
has elapsed
none
Variable Interval (VI) is
reinforcement follows behavior that
occurs after an unpredictable
amount of time has elapsed
reinforcement follows behavior that
occurs after a set amount of time
has elapsed
none
Which of the following are way to improve STM (short-term-memory)
Chunking:
grouping items into a unit
Rehearsal
conscious repetition of information:
Episodic: specific events which are autobiographical in nature (ex. What states you lived
in)
Semantic: general knowledge or facts about the world (ex. Carrots are orange)
Information-Processing model (1968) ...
memory involves
three distinct systems.
1- Sensory memory
2- Short-term memory
3- Long-term memory
How can we improve memory
1- Chunking
grouping items into a unit
2- Rehearsal
conscious repetition of information
neither
Which of following have apply to WORKING MEMORY?
a form of memory that allows a person to temporarily hold a limited amount of information at the ready for immediate mental use.
ALTERNATIVE MODEL TO STM
a relatively permanent type of memory that stores
huge amounts of information for a long time.
neither
Sensory memory
is a limited system in which information is usually
retained for 30 seconds or less.
a relatively permanent type of memory that stores
huge amounts of information for a long time.
involves briefly holding information from the world in its
original sensory form.
none
Short-term memory
is a limited system in which information is usually
retained for 30 seconds or less.
a relatively permanent type of memory that stores
huge amounts of information for a long time.
involves briefly holding information from the world in its
original sensory form.
none
LONG-TERM MEMORY
is a limited system in which information is usually
retained for 30 seconds or less.
a relatively permanent type of memory that stores
huge amounts of information for a long time.
involves briefly holding information from the world in its
original sensory form.
none
Declarative Memory (explicit)
is a type of long-term memory that stands in contrast to explicit memory in that it doesn't require conscious thought. It allows you to do things by rote. This memory isn't always easy to verbalize, since it flows effortlessly in our actions.
Memory you are aware of and can declare,
including facts & experiences
none
Non-declarative long-term memory
is a type of long-term memory that stands in contrast to explicit memory in that it doesn't require conscious thought. It allows you to do things by rote. This memory isn't always easy to verbalize, since it flows effortlessly in our actions.
Memory you are aware of and can declare,
including facts & experiences
none
Schemas
Preexisting mental framework that helps people to organize
& interpret information
Contains info about physical features, people, & typical
occurrences
The memory process that occurs when information that was
retained in memory comes out of storage.
none
Which of the following apply to FORGETTING: MEMORY FAILURE
retrieval failure
proactive
interference
& retroactive interference
encoding failure: Never entered into long-term memory
interference theory – people forget because memories because
other information gets in the way
all of the above
Prototype model
Process of finding an appropriate way to attain a goal when the goal is not readily available
instances of a concept are understood/stored as a variation of a prototype (ideal example) of that concept
a form of problem solving in which the organism develops a sudden insight into or understanding of a problem's solution
none
confirmation bias
predict probability based on ease of recall
report falsely that we predicted an outcome
search for & use only info that supports our ideas
none
Availability Heuristic
report falsely that we predicted an outcome
search for & use only info that supports our ideas
predict probability based on ease of recall
none
Hindsight bias
report falsely that we predicted an outcome
search for & use only info that supports our ideas
predict probability based on ease of recall
none
representativeness heuristic
predict probability based on ease of recall
make judgments based on stereotypes
notice biases in other but not in self
none
Bias blind spot
predict probability based on ease of recall
make judgements based on stereotypes
notice biases in others but not in self
none
Grammar is
Rules associated with word and sentence structure. Includes phonemes, morphemes, syntax, semantics, and pragmatics
rules for where to place words and phrases
social language skills we use in interactions, including what we say, how we say it, and body language
none
Syntax is
rules associated with word and sentence structure. Includes phonemes, morphemes, syntax, semantics, & pragmatics
rules for where to place words and phrases
social language skills we use in interactions, including what we say, how we say it, and body language
none
True or false the IQ test is Intelligence quotient and IQ = (MA/chronological age) X 100
True
False
Sternberg's Triarchic theory of intelligence includes
Analytical intelligence: analyze, judge, evaluate, compare, & contrast
Creative intelligence: create, design, invent, originate, & imagine
Practical intelligence: use, apply implement, & put ideas into practice
All of the above
Gardner's Frames of mind (9 in total)
verbal
spatial
interpersonal
naturalist
musical
mathematical
bodily-kinesthetic
intrapersonal
existentialist
All of the above
True or False consciousness means the state of being aware of one's self, one's subjective experience of the world, with various levels of awareness?
True
False
Incubation means ...
the rise & fall of hormones
the brain activity occurring without your awareness of it
needing a break from a problem
none
Adaptive Evolutionary Functions
enhances synapse connections and memory consolidation
the body's rejuvenation, growth, and lack of sleep that acts like stress
safety and energy conservation/efficiency
none
Restorative Function
enhances synapse connections and memory consolidation
the body's rejuvenation, growth, and lack of sleep that acts like a stress
safety and energy conservation/efficiency
none
Brain Plasticity
enhances synaptic connections and memory consolidation
the body's rejuvenation, growth, and lack of sleep that acts like stress
safety and energy conservation/efficiency
none
beta waves
relaxed
alertness/concentration
alpha waves
relaxed
alertness/concentration
tolerance
an alerted state of consciousness or a psychological state of alerted attention and expectation
the need to take increasing amounts of a drug to get the same effect
physical and/or psychological dependence on a drug
none of the above
addiction
an altered state of consciousness or a psychological state of altered attention & expectation
the need to take increasing amounts of a drug to get the same effect
physical and/or psychological dependence on a drug
none of the above
hypnosis
an altered state of consciousness or a psychological state if altered attention and expectation
the need to take increasing amounts of a drug to get the same effect
physical and/or psychological dependence on a drug
none of the above
True or False meditation is a peaceful state of mind, not occupied by worry
True
False
---------- ---------- is behaviors are learned by connecting a neutral stimulus with a positive one
operant conditioning
classical conditioning
------ --------- is a method of learning that uses rewards and punishment to modify behavior.
operant conditioning
classical conditioning
True or False application is the taste of aversion
True
False
True or false shaping is rewarded approximations of the desired behavior.
True
False
an organism's learning that can altogether avoid a negative stimulus by making a particular response.
shaping
learned helplessness
positive reinforcement
none of the above
primary reinforcement
innately satisfying
become satisfying through learned experience and repeated association with pre-existing reinforcers
behaviors are rewarded intermittently
patterns that determine when a behavior will be reinforced
secondary reinforcement
innately satisfying
becomes satisfying through experience and repeated association with pre-existing reinforcers
behaviors are rewarded intermittently
specific patterns that determine when a behavior will be reinforced
A complex task such as solving math problems is thought to occur at which level of consciousness?
Lower-level
Higher-level
Subconscious
Altered consciousness
This is the most difficult stage of sleep in which to rouse someone and consists of mostly delta waves:
stage 1
stage 2
stage 3
REM
Regarding the relationship between sleep and age, it is clear that the older someone gets the _________ sleep they need.
Less
More
The same
Deeper
This theory of dreaming is actually supported by the observation that external stimuli can be incorporated into people's dreams:
Cognitive Theory of Dreaming
Activation-Synthesis Theory of Dreaming
Freud's Psychodynamic Theory of Dreaming
The Circadian Theory of Dreaming
Angie has been snorting cocaine for a few months. She noticed that recently she has to use more and more of the drug in order to feel the same high as usual. What issue is Angie encountering in this scenario?
Psychological dependence
Tolerance
Physical dependence
Spiritual dependence
Priscilla is a teenager and has been acting out recently. Her mother decides to take her phone away as punishment with the hope that Priscilla will choose to change her behavior for the better. What type of conditioning is this?
Operant conditioning
Classical Conditioning
Pilates
Freudian Conditioning
This Russian physiologist is credited with the first classical conditioning experiment:
Skinner
Maslow
Pavlov
Freud
You want to help your 5-year old child learn to read more often. So every time you catch them reading, you buy them a piece of candy. What specific type of conditioning is this?
Positive punishment
Negative punishment
Negative reinforcement
Positive reinforcement
A slot machine is an example of which type of schedule of reinforcement?
Variable ratio
Fixed ratio
Fixed variable
Fixed interval
Sandreet fails her chemistry exam but she isn't discouraged. She realizes that she can learn anything she wants to, she just needs to study harder in order to succeed at it. What type of mindset does this scenario demonstrate?
Fixed mindset
Growth mindset
Variable mindset
Interval mindset
