can generate 1 billion identical copies of specific DNA sequences in a matter of hours

invented the PCR technique in 1983-1985 while working as a chemist at the Cetus Corp. in Emeryville, California. He is a Nobel-winning biochemist, author, and lecturer.

DNA SEQUENCING (SGPG) what are the uses of PCR

what are the equipment in PCR (TPM)

Where did Karry Mullis worked as a chemist?

If you want to amplify, what things are you going to need? (QNPD)

this is where you are going to put the 4 factors (taq,primer,dna,nucleotides)

acts like a syringe

it is something related to temperature

thermostable DNA polymerase (Thermus aquaticus)

breaks hydrogen bonds that hold the complementary strands together and melts then opens the two pieces of single-stranded DNA.

temperature of denaturation

how much cycle does a thermal scanner do each day?

primers pair up with a single-stranded template and attach to the 3’ ends

temperature of annealing

this is where the taq polymerase works in which it attaches to nucleotides and where the double-stranded DNA is made.

TEMPERATURE OF EXTENSION

Each animal/plant/microbe species is composed of DNA with different base compositions. So, the technique that separates DNA may help to identify species. Investigating crimes, and taxonomy are also examples of this technique

- separates DNA molecules based on electrical charge and size and allows the isolation of DNA.

- determines size by comparing distance migrated to standards.

- electrophoresis: greek “transport by electricity” 

Molecules are attracted to the electrode with an opposite charge.

DNA molecules are positively charged.

Small molecules can move quicker through the gel than larger molecules

sort DNA strands according to length.

is the filter that sorts the DNA strands. It's like a sponge made of Jell-O® with many small holes in it. We place DNA samples into holes at one end of the gel.

is how we push the DNA strands through the gel filter. By adding an electrical current, we can make the DNA move.

in gel electrophoresis, DNA strands do not sort themselves but biologists do

Staining the sorted groups of DNA makes them visible to the naked eye. We can see large groups of stained DNA strands. These groups show up as bands in the gel.

 a dried powder similar to gelatin but made from seaweed.

a saltwater solution that will let electrical charges flow through the gel.

makes/leaves empty wells for the DNA samples.

what colors generates the positive and negative charge.

To move the DNA through the gel, you must put the black cord - the negative charge - closest to the wells! 

what does the bubbles stand for?

Repelled by the POSITIVE charge, the DNA moves through the gel toward the NEGATIVE charge at the other end. 

what is the chemical used to stain

which binds to DNA and shows up under fluorescent light.