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Micro Exam 2 Section 1

Total questions: 94

Worksheet time: 1hrs 5mins

Name
Class
Date
1.

supply of monomers (or precursors of) required by cells for

growth

a)

Nutrients

b)

Macronutrients

c)

Micronutrients

d)

All

2.

nutrients required in large amounts

a)

Nutrients

b)

Macronutrients

c)

Micronutrients

d)

All the Above

3.

nutrients required in minute amounts

trace metals and growth factors

a)

Nutrients

b)

Macronutrients

c)

Micronutrients

d)

All the above

4.

A medium used for growing microbial cultures is composed of all these elements.

a)

Nutrients

b)

Macronutrients

c)

Micronutrients

d)

All the above

5.

-Carbon, Nitrogen

-Hydrogen,

Oxygen

-Phosphorus

-Sulfur

-Potassium

-Magnesium

-Calcium, Sodium

(a)  

6.

-Boron, Cobalt

-Copper, Iron

-Magnesium

-Molybdenum

-Selenium, Tungsten

-Vanadium, Zinc

a)

Examples of Macronutrients

b)

Examples of Micronutrients

c)

All the above

d)

None

7.

organic compounds required in small amounts by certain organisms

(Ex: vitamins, amino acids, pyrimidines, purines)

(a)  

8.

most frequently required growth factor

most function as coenzymes

a)

amino acides

b)

purines

c)

vitamins

d)

pyrimidines

9.

increase in number of cells

(a)  

10.

time required for microbial cells to double in number

a)

Growth

b)

Growth Factor

c)

Generation

d)

Generation Time

11.

What does generation time depend on?

nutritional and genetic factors and temperature

a)

Nutritional Factors

b)

Genetic Factors

c)

Temperature

d)

All the above

12.

During cell division, each daughter cell receives a chromosome and sufficient copies of all other cell constituents to exist as an independent cell.

(a)  

13.

Types of Bacterial Growth include?

a)

Binary Fission

b)

Budding

c)

Biofilms

d)

all the above

14.

-Method of Asexual reproduction in bacteria that involves the splitting of a parent cell into two daughter cells

-Cell division follows enlargement of a cell to twice its minimum size and formation of a septum

a)

Binary Fission

b)

Budding

c)

Biofilm

d)

none

15.

Partition between dividing cells, pinches off between two daughter cells

(a)  

16.

-results from unequal cell growth, one part of the cell ‘buds off’ and forms totally new daughter cell.

• Some _ bacteria form cytoplasmic extensions such as stalks (Caulobacter), hyphae (Hyphomicrobium), and appendages(Ancalomicrobium).

a)

Binary Fission

b)

Budding

c)

Biofilm

d)

none

17.

are a layer of organic matter and microorganisms formed by the attachment and proliferation of bacteria on the surface of an object

a)

Binary Fission

b)

Budding

c)

Biofilm

d)

None

18.

Types of biofilms

a)

Planktonic Growth

b)

Sessile Growth

c)

Fungi Growth

d)

Bacterial growth

19.

growth as suspension, e.g., algal blooms on surface water

(a)  

20.

attached to surface

can develop into biofilms

(a)  

21.

multilayered sheets with different organisms in each layer (e.g., hot springs, intertidal regions)

Fits under biofilms

a)

Microbial Mats

b)

Growth factors

c)

Fungi growth

d)

Bacterial Growth

22.

-Different groups laterally compressed into thin (mm to cm) mats

-Vertically stratified

-Support most of major biogeochemical cycles and thus largely self-sufficient

-Often associated with extreme environments

(a)  

23.

Layers of a microbial mat include?

a)

sand

b)

cyanobacteria

c)

oxidized iron

d)

purple sulfur bacteria

e)

precipitated iron sulfide

24.

Biofilms prevent harmful chemicals from penetrating, prevent protists from grazing, prevent washing away of cells, easy genetic exchanges with their buddies.

This is a (advantage or disadvantage)

(a)  

25.

Biofilms affect human health, water distribution systems

(this is a advantage or disadvantage)

(a)  

26.

Microbial growth cycles included?

a)

Continuous

b)

Batch

c)

Both

d)

Neither

27.

a closed-system microbial culture of fixed volume

• Typical growth curve for population of cells grown in a closed system is characterized by four phases.

• lag phase • exponential phase • stationary phase • death phase

a)

Batch

b)

Continuous

28.

an open system microbial culture of fixed volume

a)

Continuous

b)

Batch

29.

Which batch phase is first

a)

Exponential

b)

Stationary

c)

Death

d)

Lag

30.

Which Batch phase is second?

a)

Exponential

b)

Death

c)

Stationary

d)

Lag

31.

Which Batch phase is third?

a)

Exponential

b)

Stationary

c)

Death

d)

Lag

32.

What is the final Batch Phase

a)

Exponential

b)

Stationary

c)

Death

d)

Lag

33.

interval between inoculation of a culture and beginning

of growth

• time needed for biosynthesis of new enzymes and to produce required metabolites before growth can begin

(a)  

34.

Cells in this phase are typically in the healthiest state.

(a)  

35.

Growth rate of population is zero.

Either an essential nutrient is used up or waste products accumulate.

Metabolism continues at greatly reduced rate.

Some cells grow while others die, balancing

each other.

(a)  

36.

If incubation continues after cells reach stationary phase, the cells

will eventually die.

exponential rate

typically much slower than exponential growth

Viable cells remain for months or years.

(a)  

37.

most common type of continuous culture device

a)

Chemostat

b)

Remostat

c)

Kemostat

d)

none

38.

(Continuous)

Both growth rate and population density of culture can be

controlled independently and simultaneously, depending on:

a)

Dilution Rate (F/V)

b)

Concentration of a limiting nutrient

c)

both

d)

neither

39.

cell density and substrate concentration do not change over time.

(a)  

40.

What are the experimental uses of Continuous Culture?

a)

can maintain exponential growth phase for

weeks/months

b)

used to study physiology, microbial ecology and evolution

c)

enrichment and isolation of bacteria from nature

d)

all the above

41.

it is important to know the nutritional requirements and supply them in proper form and proportions in a culture medium.

(a)  

42.

cells can be grown in what two types of media?

a)

mixed

b)

solid

c)

liquid

43.

are prepared by addition of the gelling agent agar to liquid media.

a)

Solid Media

b)

Liquid Media

44.

When grown on solid media, cells form isolated masses called _

(a)  

45.

• nutrient solutions used to grow microbes in the laboratory

• typically sterilized in an autoclave

(a)  

46.

what are the two broad classes of media

a)

defined

b)

complex

c)

selective

d)

differintiation

47.

exact chemical composition known

(a)  

48.

composed of digests of microbial, animal, or plant products (e.g., yeast and meat extracts)

(a)  

49.

Other types of media includes?

a)

Enriched

b)

Selective

c)

Differential

d)

All the above

50.

contain complex media plus highly nutritious materials (e.g.,

serum or blood)

used to culture fastidious (nutritionally demanding) microbes

a)

Enriched

b)

Selective

c)

Differential

51.

contain compounds that selectively inhibit growth of some

microbes but not others

a)

Enriched

b)

Selective

c)

Differential

52.

contain an indicator, usually a dye, that detects particular metabolic reactions during growth

a)

Enriched

b)

Selective

c)

Differential

53.

MICROSCOPY – viable + non-viable cells

(Enumeration)

a)

True

b)

False

54.

PLATE COUNTS - viable cell count only

(Enumeration)

a)

False

b)

True

55.

TURBIDOMETRY – total cells in a sample by optical density

(Enumeration)

a)

True

b)

False

56.

observing and enumerating cells present

a)

enumeration

b)

total cell count

c)

microscopic cell count

57.

-Microscopic cell count

-Liquid samples dried on slides

-Counting chambers with squares etched on a slide for liquid samples

(a)  

58.

-cant tell difference but dead or live cells without special stains

-precision is difficult to achieve

-small cells can be overlooked

-cells of low density are hard to count (< 10^6)

-motile cells need to be immobilized

-debris can be mistaken as cells

a)

Microscopic Cell Count Advantage

b)

Microscopic Cell Count Disadvantage

59.

-use stains to visualize and provide phylogenetic information or metabolic properties

-DAPI reacts with DNA→ fluorescent nucleic acid stains.

-Other fluorescent stains differentiate live and dead cells.

-Phylogenetic stains can determine proportion of Bacteria or Archaea.

(a)  

60.

Direct microscopic counts of natural samples reveal far more organisms than those recoverable on plates.

a)

“The great plate count anomaly”

b)

None

c)

Microscopic methods

d)

both

61.

“The great plate count anomaly”

Direct microscopic counts of natural samples reveal far more organisms than those recoverable on plates.

Why is this?

a)

Microscopic methods count dead cells, whereas viable methods do not.

b)

Different organisms may have vastly different requirements for growth.

c)

Microscopic methods do not count the dead cells

d)

Most organisms have similar requirements for growth.

62.

measurement of living, reproducing population

(a)  

63.

What are the two main ways to perform plate counts

a)

spread-plate method

b)

pour-plate method

c)

liquid method

d)

solid method

64.

spread a culture of a microorganism in liquid culture on top of an agar plate

(a)  

65.

mix a culture of a microorganism in liquid media with liquefied agar first, mix this and pour this mixture in a petriplate

→ the agar solidifies along with the culture in it.

(a)  

66.

When doing viable (plate) counts you must _.

a)

count colonies on plates with 30–300 colonies

b)

To obtain the appropriate colony number, the sample to be counted should always be diluted.

c)

none

d)

colonies must be sterile

67.

An EPA standardized membrane filtration method used for the enumeration of E. coli in different sources- wastewater, drinking water, testing microbial contamination in watersheds.



(a)  

68.

This media contains a chromogen which is converted into glucuronic acid. This compound produces red or magenta colonies in the presence of E. coli strains possessing the enzyme beta-D-glucuronidase.

(a)  

69.

Cell suspensions are turbid (cloudy) because cells scatter light.

a)

True

b)

False

70.

Most often turbidity is measured with a (a)   and measurement is referred to as optical density (OD) at specified wavelength (e.g., OD540 for measurements at 540 nm [green light]).

71.

For unicellular organisms, OD is proportional to cell number within limits.

a)

True

b)

False

72.

To relate a direct cell count to a turbidity value, a standard curve must first be established

a)

False

b)

True

73.

quick and easy

used in food, dairy, medical, and aquatic microbiology, and water analyses

high sensitivity

can target particular species in mixed samples

a)

Applications

b)

Disadvantages

74.

Control of Microbial growth

a)

Heath Sterilization

b)

UV irridiation

c)

Membrane filtration

d)

Chemical methods

75.

is the most widely used method of controlling microbial growth.

heat killing faster as temperature rises

thermal death time: time to kill all cells at a given

temperature; affected by population size

(Endospores can survive heat that would rapidly kill vegetative cells.)

(a)  

76.

is a sealed device that uses steam under pressure.

• Operates at a temperature 121°C and pressure of 15 psi.

• killsendospores

a)

Autoclave

b)

Pasteurization

c)

UV

d)

none

77.

is the process of using precisely controlled heat to reduce the microbial load in heat- sensitive liquids.

• does not kill all organisms, so it is different from sterilization

a)

Autoclave

b)

Pasteurization

c)

UV

d)

None

78.

has sufficient energy to cause modifications and breaks in DNA.

Laminar airflow unit is used in labs for UV sterilization

In a laminar flow hood

the air is passed through a HEPA (High Efficiency Particulates Air) filter which removes all airborne contamination to maintain sterile conditions.

a)

UV

b)

Heath

c)

Laminar

79.

killing of bacteria, viruses, and yeasts within seconds

no chemicals need

no ecological damage

method with low maintenance and easy handling

low operating costs, highest reliability

a)

Advantage UV Sterilization

b)

Disadvantage UV Sterilization

80.

The cells may adapt to UV irradiation by developing several repair mechanisms.

This means that permanent deactivation of microorganisms by way of UV systems is impossible.

Such effects must by all means be taken into consideration when designing and operating the system.

a)

Advantage UV Sterilization

b)

Disadvantage

81.

avoids the use of heat on sensitive liquids and gases.

allows for the exclusion of organisms based upon size.

traps contaminants larger than the pore size on the

surface of the membrane.

a)

UV

b)

Heath

c)

Membrane Filtration

d)

Chemical

82.

For greater system flexibility, filters can be added in parallel or series.

a)

True

b)

False

83.

For trapping viruses, we use 0.02 μm filters.

a)

True

b)

False

84.

pores of filter (0.45 and 0.2 μm) are too small for living organisms

(most bacteria) to pass through but do not trap most viruses

a)

False

b)

True

85.

Absolute sterilization - separates particles based on size Used for heat sensitive media or components(e.g. trace

elements) Removal of multiple particle sizes Allows for fairly high throughput

a)

Advantage Membrane Filtration

b)

Disadvantage Membrane Filtration

86.

Each filter has a specific nominal pore size Unable to separate microorganisms that have the same

size May require a high differential pressure

a)

Advantage of Membrane Filtration

b)

Disadvantage Membrane Filtration

87.

are chemicals that kill or inhibit growth.

(a)  

88.

kills microorganisms (e.g., bactericidal, fungicidal, viricidal)

(a)  

89.

inhibits growth (e.g., bacteriostatic, fungistatic, viristatic)

(a)  

90.

used to prevent growth on inanimate surfaces and external body surfaces

a)

sterilants

b)

disinfectants

c)

sanitizers

d)

antiseptics

91.

destroy all microorganisms, including endospores

a)

sterilants

b)

disinfectants

c)

sanitizers

d)

none

92.

are used on surfaces to kill microorganisms but not necessarily endospores

a)

sterilants

b)

disinfectants

c)

sanitizers

d)

none

93.

reduce microbial numbers but do not sterilize

a)

sterilants

b)

disinfectants

c)

sanitizers

d)

antiseptics

94.

(germicides) kill or inhibit microbial growth but are non toxic enough to be applied to living tissue

a)

none

b)

sterilants

c)

disinfectants

d)

antiseptics