Saving Languages

               Five hundred years ago, Europeans arrived on a new continent. They brought new cultures and languages to this place which called America. However, there were already people living there who had their own cultures and languages. And so  terrible part of history began.

               As more Europeans arrived, there as a fight for the land with the native, American Indians. By the end of the nineteenth century, the Indian tribes were moved to reservations. A lot of their children were taken away to boarding school and these children were taught to speak English. By the end of twentieth century more than half of the Native American in the US were living in cities. They gave up speaking their old tribal language and only used English. As a result, many Native American languages disappeared and with them their culture.

               Some  American Indian languages are still used today but they are usually spoken by the older members of the tribes who still live on the reservation. In North America there are 150-170 languages that have at least one speaker and many of these languages have under a hundred speakers.

               One ancient language which is spoken by the Northen Paiute tribe has more than two hundred speakers. This means when the elders of the tribe get together, they still speak it. But for most of the younger members of the tribe, the everyday language is English.

               But the good news is that some of these people are keeping their culture and language alive. They are also receiving help from the National Geographic Society's Enduring Voices Project. The aim of the project is to help languages around the world which are dying out. Linguists and experts meet these " last speakers". The team interview them and they are recorded with videos, picures and audio. They also tell old stories which are written down in English so people can learn more abut the culture.

               Recording the language and culture is only part of the project. The next stage is to pass on the language to the next generation. Some children pick up some of e language from their parents or grandparents but many tribes also offer courses in the language. The Salish tribe is an excellent example of how schools can help. The tribe lives in the Flathead Reservation in Montana. Their language currently spoken by about 50 speaks the language. So now, the local people have set up a school. It has 30 students aged two to twelve during the day and there are also courses for adults in the evening. It is schools and proects like these which-hopefully-might save languages for the future.

What has happened to their languages?

Saving Languages

               Five hundred years ago, Europeans arrived on a new continent. They brought new cultures and languages to this place which called America. However, there were already people living there who had their own cultures and languages. And so  terrible part of history began.

               As more Europeans arrived, there as a fight for the land with the native, American Indians. By the end of the nineteenth century, the Indian tribes were moved to reservations. A lot of their children were taken away to boarding school and these children were taught to speak English. By the end of twentieth century more than half of the Native American in the US were living in cities. They gave up speaking their old tribal language and only used English. As a result, many Native American languages disappeared and with them their culture.

               Some  American Indian languages are still used today but they are usually spoken by the older members of the tribes who still live on the reservation. In North America there are 150-170 languages that have at least one speaker and many of these languages have under a hundred speakers.

               One ancient language which is spoken by the Northen Paiute tribe has more than two hundred speakers. This means when the elders of the tribe get together, they still speak it. But for most of the younger members of the tribe, the everyday language is English.

               But the good news is that some of these people are keeping their culture and language alive. They are also receiving help from the National Geographic Society's Enduring Voices Project. The aim of the project is to help languages around the world which are dying out. Linguists and experts meet these " last speakers". The team interview them and they are recorded with videos, picures and audio. They also tell old stories which are written down in English so people can learn more abut the culture.

               Recording the language and culture is only part of the project. The next stage is to pass on the language to the next generation. Some children pick up some of e language from their parents or grandparents but many tribes also offer courses in the language. The Salish tribe is an excellent example of how schools can help. The tribe lives in the Flathead Reservation in Montana. Their language currently spoken by about 50 speaks the language. So now, the local people have set up a school. It has 30 students aged two to twelve during the day and there are also courses for adults in the evening. It is schools and proects like these which-hopefully-might save languages for the future.

What the purpose of the Enduring Voices Project?

Saving Languages

               Five hundred years ago, Europeans arrived on a new continent. They brought new cultures and languages to this place which called America. However, there were already people living there who had their own cultures and languages. And so  terrible part of history began.

               As more Europeans arrived, there as a fight for the land with the native, American Indians. By the end of the nineteenth century, the Indian tribes were moved to reservations. A lot of their children were taken away to boarding school and these children were taught to speak English. By the end of twentieth century more than half of the Native American in the US were living in cities. They gave up speaking their old tribal language and only used English. As a result, many Native American languages disappeared and with them their culture.

               Some  American Indian languages are still used today but they are usually spoken by the older members of the tribes who still live on the reservation. In North America there are 150-170 languages that have at least one speaker and many of these languages have under a hundred speakers.

               One ancient language which is spoken by the Northen Paiute tribe has more than two hundred speakers. This means when the elders of the tribe get together, they still speak it. But for most of the younger members of the tribe, the everyday language is English.

               But the good news is that some of these people are keeping their culture and language alive. They are also receiving help from the National Geographic Society's Enduring Voices Project. The aim of the project is to help languages around the world which are dying out. Linguists and experts meet these " last speakers". The team interview them and they are recorded with videos, picures and audio. They also tell old stories which are written down in English so people can learn more abut the culture.

               Recording the language and culture is only part of the project. The next stage is to pass on the language to the next generation. Some children pick up some of e language from their parents or grandparents but many tribes also offer courses in the language. The Salish tribe is an excellent example of how schools can help. The tribe lives in the Flathead Reservation in Montana. Their language currently spoken by about 50 speaks the language. So now, the local people have set up a school. It has 30 students aged two to twelve during the day and there are also courses for adults in the evening. It is schools and proects like these which-hopefully-might save languages for the future.

The fact from paragraph 1 is ______________________

Start something new (e.g.a company or organisation)

It is important for older people to _______ their knowledge to younger people or it is quicker to use the internet?

Instruction that say what you must or mustn’t do

The language of “ Koro” _________ by accident when a team of linguists ______ working in the Indian state of Arunachal Pradesh.

Which of these statements are not true?

An examination you pass because you need it to get a job or place at university

I was so excited after I had found the holiday in the brochure. It said: enjoy a week of sightseeing in one of Europe's most beautiful cities while staying at one of its most Inxarious hotels' Now I wasn't so sure. I had waited fifteen minutes at reception when I arrived and now the shower in my room wasn't working.

I called hotel reception.

'Hello. This is room 308. There isn't any water in my bathroom.’

‘Are you sure?’

‘Of course, I'm sure!’

‘I'll send our hotel engineer immediately.’

An hour later, the engineer came to look at the shower. He hit the pipes a few times and looked worried. 'Sorry, but I cannot fix it today. Maybe, tomorrow.’ Then he held out his hand.

I couldn't believe it! He wanted a tip for doing nothing! I was furious. But suddenly, I had a better idea. Quickly, I gave the engineer a few coins. He hadn't fixed my shower but he had taught me something about staying in his country. Two minutes later I was at the reception desk. I explained the problem to the receptionist and he apologised: "This is a terrible situation, but what can we do?' I knew exactly what to do. I gave the hotel manager a very large tip. Fifteen minutes later I moved into room 405. It was twice the size of room 308, it had a wonderful view of the city, a comfortable bed and, most importantly, there was water in the bathroom.

How did she solve the problem?

I was so excited after I had found the holiday in the brochure. It said: enjoy a week of sightseeing in one of Europe's most beautiful cities while staying at one of its most Inxarious hotels' Now I wasn't so sure. I had waited fifteen minutes at reception when I arrived and now the shower in my room wasn't working.

I called hotel reception.

'Hello. This is room 308. There isn't any water in my bathroom.’

‘Are you sure?’

‘Of course, I'm sure!’

‘I'll send our hotel engineer immediately.’

An hour later, the engineer came to look at the shower. He hit the pipes a few times and looked worried. 'Sorry, but I cannot fix it today. Maybe, tomorrow.’ Then he held out his hand.

I couldn't believe it! He wanted a tip for doing nothing! I was furious. But suddenly, I had a better idea. Quickly, I gave the engineer a few coins. He hadn't fixed my shower but he had taught me something about staying in his country. Two minutes later I was at the reception desk. I explained the problem to the receptionist and he apologised: "This is a terrible situation, but what can we do?' I knew exactly what to do. I gave the hotel manager a very large tip. Fifteen minutes later I moved into room 405. It was twice the size of room 308, it had a wonderful view of the city, a comfortable bed and, most importantly, there was water in the bathroom.

What did she do after the engineer didn’t fix the shower?

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Which of the followings is the meaning of fascinating?

The great avenues are quiet, the shops are closed. There's the smell of fresh bread from a bakery somewhere. It would be hard to say which time of the day in Paris I prefer but this is probably it. Soon the streets will be full of people and traffic. As with most other cities, you see the real Paris when the city wakes up.

There is, however, another part of Paris which is silent and free from people 24 hours a day. Under the city are hundreds of kilometres of tunnels. There are sewers and old subways butthere are also spaces of all kinds: canals and catacombs, wine cellars which have been made into nightclubs and galleries. During the 19th century, the Parisians needed more stone for buildings above the ground so they dug tunnels beneath the city. After that, many farmers grew mushrooms in them. During World War II, the French Resistance fighters also used them. Since 1970s, many groups of young people spend days and nights below the city in these tunnels. It's a place for parties, theatre performances, art galleries anything goes here!

Everywhere you go under Paris, there is history and legend Historians and novelists often refer to them in their books. For example, Victor Hugo mentions the tunnels in his famous novel Les Miserables and in the story and musical The

Phantom of the Opera there is a pond beneath the old opera house. Most people think this is myth but in fact there is an underground pond here with fish. A 'normal' tourist can visit partsof Paris beneath the ground. For example, there are the catacombs beneath the Montparnasse district. Here you can see the bones and skeletons of about six millions Parisians. The bodies came from cemeteries above the ground two centuries ago when the city needed more space.

However, it's illegal to enter other parts of the tunnels and police often search the area. It's also very dangerous because some of the tunnels might collapse. Nevertheless, there are people who will take you to visit them. I have found two 'unofficial' tour guides - Dominique and Yopie (not their real names). They take me through many tunnels and after a couple of hours we arrive at a room which isn't on any map. Yopie and some of his friends built it. The room is comfortable and clean with a table and chairs and a bed. Yopie tells me there are many other places like this. 'Many people come down here to party, some people to paint ... We do what we want here.'

From the text, we can find the following under Paris, except …..

By the end of the week, they ______ a wonderful time in Istanbul.

Which of the following is Indirect question?

Which of the following statements are correct?

Which question asks about the subject?

When she reached Rome, her luggage _______ and she spend an hour at lost luggage

The great avenues are quiet, the shops are closed. There's the smell of fresh bread from a bakery somewhere. It would be hard to say which time of the day in Paris I prefer but this is probably it. Soon the streets will be full of people and traffic. As with most other cities, you see the real Paris when the city wakes up.

There is, however, another part of Paris which is silent and free from people 24 hours a day. Under the city are hundreds of kilometres of tunnels. There are sewers and old subways butthere are also spaces of all kinds: canals and catacombs, wine cellars which have been made into nightclubs and galleries. During the 19th century, the Parisians needed more stone for buildings above the ground so they dug tunnels beneath the city. After that, many farmers grew mushrooms in them. During World War II, the French Resistance fighters also used them. Since 1970s, many groups of young people spend days and nights below the city in these tunnels. It's a place for parties, theatre performances, art galleries anything goes here!

Everywhere you go under Paris, there is history and legend Historians and novelists often refer to them in their books. For example, Victor Hugo mentions the tunnels in his famous novel Les Miserables and in the story and musical The

Phantom of the Opera there is a pond beneath the old opera house. Most people think this is myth but in fact there is an underground pond here with fish. A 'normal' tourist can visit partsof Paris beneath the ground. For example, there are the catacombs beneath the Montparnasse district. Here you can see the bones and skeletons of about six millions Parisians. The bodies came from cemeteries above the ground two centuries ago when the city needed more space.

However, it's illegal to enter other parts of the tunnels and police often search the area. It's also very dangerous because some of the tunnels might collapse. Nevertheless, there are people who will take you to visit them. I have found two 'unofficial' tour guides - Dominique and Yopie (not their real names). They take me through many tunnels and after a couple of hours we arrive at a room which isn't on any map. Yopie and some of his friends built it. The room is comfortable and clean with a table and chairs and a bed. Yopie tells me there are many other places like this. 'Many people come down here to party, some people to paint ... We do what we want here.'

Why is Dominique and Yopie’s room difficult to find?