type (a)   diabetes is a failure of target cells to respond normally to insulin

type (a)   diabetes is an autoimmune disorder in which the immune system destroys the beta cells of the pancreas

the hormones __ and __ are used to regulate the breakdown of glycogen into glucose

(a)  

(a)   is the major fuel for cellular respiration and a key source of carbon skeletons for biosynthesis

excess energy is stored in fat in (a)   cells

in humans, energy is stored first in the liver as (a)  

(a)   in the human digestive system aid in production of vitamins, regulation of the development of intestinal epithelium, regulation of the function of the innate immune system

herbivores and omnivores usually have (a)   alimentary canals than carnivores

mammals have adapted (a)   specialized for processing different types of food

the (a)   is apart of the large intestine in which the reabsorption of water is completed

the small intestine has a large (a)   area due to villi and microvilli

in the small intestine, (a)   aids in digestion an absorption of fats, is made in liver and stored in the gallbladder

the (a)   produces the proteases trypsin and chymotrypsin

the (a)   is where most of the enzymatic breakdown of macromolecules from food occurs, includes the duodenum

the (a)   secretes gastric juice to turn food into chyme, and pepsin to break down proteins

after the oral cavity, the food particles go to the (a)   , in which the stomach stores food and begins digestion of proteins

in the oral cavity, salivary glands deliver salivary (a)   to small food particles to begin the breakdown of glucose polymers

the first stage of (a)   digestion is mechanical and takes place in the oral cavity

the (a)   digestive system consists of an alimentary canal and accessory glands; food is pushed along through peristalsis

more complex animals have a digestive tube with two openings (mouth and anus) called a (a)   canal

animals with simple bod plans have a (a)   cavity that functions in both digestion and distribution of nutrients

(a)   digestion is when food particles are broken down outside of cells

enzymatic (a)   splits bonds in molecules with the addition of water

(a)   digestion splits food into small molecules that can pass through membranes

(a)   digestion increases the surface area of food (chewing)

(a)   is the process of breaking food down into molecules small enough to absorb

the main stages of food (a)   is ingestion, digestion, absorption, and elimination

an animals (a)   must provide chemical energy, organic building blocks, essential amino acids, essential fatty acids, vitamins, and minerals

(a)   eat animals, plant, and algae

(a)   eat animals

(a)   eat plants and algae

(a)   is summer torpor; it enables animals to survive long periods of high temps and water scarcity

(a)   is long term torpor, and adaptation to winter cold and food scarcity

(a)   is a physiological state in which activity is low and metabolism decreases and saves energy

(a)   is body growth/repair, synthesis of storage material, and production of gametes

(a)   triggers heat loss or heat generating mechanisms, therefore controls thermoregulation

(a)   thermogenesis takes place when hormones cause mitochondria to increase their metabolic activity

(a)   is the adjustment of metabolic heat production to maintain body temp; increased muscle activity such as moving or shivering

(a)   exchange is the transfer of heat between fluids flowing in opposite directions; reduces heat loss

(a)   is a circulatory adaptation in which blood flow in the skin increases, facilitating heat loss

(a)   is a circulatory adaptation in which blood flow in the skin decreases lowering heat loss

(a)   adaptations regulate blood flow near the body surface

five adaptations that help animals (a)   are insulation, circulatory adaptations, evaporative heat loss, behavioral responses, and adjusting metabolic heat productions

organisms exchange (a)   by four physical processes; radiation, evaporation, convection, and conduction

(a)   is a process by which animals maintain an internal temperature within a tolerable range

(a)   amplifies a stimulus and does not usually contribute to homeostasis in animals

(a)   helps an animal in homeostasis return a variable to a normal range

organisms use (a)   to maintain a steady state or internal balance regardless of external environment

(a)   cells support nerve cells

(a)   or nerve cells transmit nerve impulses

(a)   tissue functions in the receipt, processing, and transmission of information

(a)   tissue is responsible for nearly all types of body movement; consists of actin and myosin

(a)   tissue mainly bins and supports other tissues

(a)   tissue covers the outside of the body and lines the organs and cavities within the body

the four main categories of (a)   in animals are epithelial, connective, muscle, and nervous

a (a)   body plan helps an animal living in a variable environment to maintain a relatively stable internal environment

(a)   organisms body walls are two cells thick and facilitates the diffusion of materials

a (a)   -celled organism living in water has enough surface area to carry out all necessary exchange

nutrients, waste products, and gases must be exchanged across the cell membranes of (a)   cells

(a)   evolution often results in similar adaptations of diverse organisms facing the same challenge

(a)   are mammals that have a large brain and bipedal locomotion

(a)   have hands, feet, large brain, short jaws, and forward-looking eyes close together, and opposable thumbs

(a)   embryos develop in a uterus within a placenta

(a)   embryo develops within a placenta and includes opossums, kangaroos, and koalas

(a)   are a small group of egg-laying mammals consisting of echidnas and the platypus

each side of the lower jaw in mammals is made of a single bone called a (a)  

bones from the jaw joint were incorporated into the (a)   ear (three bones) in mammals

(a)   are amniotes that have hair and produce milk

the derived characters of (a)   are wings, lack of a urinary bladder, enhanced hunting and escape capabilities, migration which requires lots of energy

birds and mammals are (a)   meaning they have the capacity to maintain its body heat through metabolism

reptiles are (a)   meaning they absorb external heat as the main source of body heat

(a)   have scales that create a waterproof barrier and lay shelled eggs on land

(a)   egg contains membranes that protect the embryo; no longer needs water to reproduce

(a)   are tetrapod's that have a terrestrially adapted egg

(a)   start off at aquatic larva and develop into a terrestrial adult

(a)   includes amphibian's, reptiles, and mammals

tiktaalik shows both fish and tetrapod (a)  

(a)   are gnathostomes that have 4 limbs and feet with digits

one of the most significant events in vertebrate history is when the fins of some lobe-fins evolved into the limbs and feet of (a)  

an enlarged (a)   is associated with enhanced smell and vision

(a)   typically have bony endoskeletons; includes bony fishes and tetrapods

(a)   are vertebrates that have jaws

hagfishes and lampreys are (a)   vertebrates but lack a backbone, but rudimentary vertebrae are present

(a)   have 2 or more sets of Hox genes (determine if you have a front or back)

the muscular, post-anal (a)   is the propelling force

(a)   slits or clefts develop into parts of the ear, neck and head

the (a)   , hollow nerve cord develops into the central nervous system

the (a)   is between the digestive tube and nerve cord that provides skeletal support

(a)   have a notochord and a dorsal hollow nerve cord

(a)   are animals that have vertebrae (a series of bones that make up the backbone)

(a)   are bilaterally symmetrical coelomates with segmented bodies

(a)   have radial cleavage and formation of the anus comes from the blastospore

echinoderms and chordates constitute the clade (a)  

(a)   include the vertebrates

(a)   metamorphosis have larval stage that looks different from the adult stage

(a)   metamorphosis is when nymphs resemble adults but are smaller

(a)   is one key to the great success of insects and is an extension of the cuticle

(a)   is a clade including insects and their relatives

small (a)   exchange gases through the cuticle; larger crustaceans have gills

terrestrial insects are more closely related to (a)   than myriapods

(a)   include millipedes and centipedes

chelicerates are named for clawlike feeding appendages called (a)  

the three major lineages of (a)   are chelicerates, myriapods, and pancrustaceans

(a)   have an open circulatory system and a cuticle

some of the modified functions for (a)   are walking, feeding, sensory reception, reproduction, and defense

the (a)   body plan consists of a segmented body, hard exoskeleton, and jointed appendages

(a)   or roundworms have a alimentary canal but lack a circulatory system

the two largest phyla of (a)   are nematodes an arthropods

the cuticle is shed or molted through a process called (a)  

ecdysozoans are covered by a tough coat called a (a)  

(a)   contain leeches, and earthworms

(a)   are coelomates with bodies composed of a series of fused rings

the four major classes of (a)   are polyplacophora, gastropoda, bivalvia, and cephalopoda

many (a)   also have a water-filled mantle cavity and feed using a rasplike radula

(a)   have 3 main parts; a muscular foot, visceral mass, and mantle

(a)   are soft-bodied animals but most are protected by a hard shell

(a)   have a gastrovascular cavity with one opening; while gas exchange takes place across the surface

(a)   are acoelomates

(a)   includes the flatworms, rotifers, ectoprocts, brachiopods, molluscs, and annelids

the clade (a)   contains spiralia, ecdysozoa, and deuterostomia

(a)   animals have bilateral symmetry and triploblastic development

cnidarians are carnivores that use (a)   to capture prey

(a)   are specialized organelles within cnidocytes that eject a stinging thread

(a)   are unique cells in cnidarians that function in defense and capture of prey

the type of cnidarians that don't move are the sessile (a)  

the cnidarians that move are called the motile (a)  

(a)   have a single opening that functions as both a mouth and anus, with a gastrovascular cavity that takes up majority of the body

(a)   are diploblastic and radial symmetric

cnidarians belong to the clade (a)   which have true tissues

the water that sponges take in for nutrients is drawn through a cavity called __ and back out through a cavity called the __

(a)  

(a)   lack true tissues and organs

the (a)   phylum contains hydras, jellies, sea anemones, and corals

the porifera phylum contains (a)  

(a)   are animals that lack a backbone

all animals are (a)  

most animal phyla belong to the clade (a)  

(a)   (true animals) is a clade of animals with true tissues

(a)   are basal animals

in (a)   development, the blastospore becomes the anus first

in (a)   development, the blastopore becomes the mouth first

the (a)   forms during gastrulation and connects the archenteron to the exterior of the gastrula

in (a)   development, the mesoderm buds from the wall of the archenteron to form the coelom

in (a)   development, the splitting of solid masses of mesoderm forms the coelom

in (a)   development cleavage is radial and indeterminate

in (a)   development cleavage is spiral and determinate

triploblastic animals that lack a body cavity are called (a)  

triploblastic animals that possess a pseudocoelom are called (a)  

a (a)   is a body cavity derived from the mesoderm and endoderm

a true body cavity is called a (a)   and is derived from mesoderm

most triploblastic animals possess a (a)  

(a)   animals have a ectoderm, a endoderm, and a intervening mesoderm layer; includes all bilaterian animals

(a)   animals have endoderm and ectoderm

(a)   is the innermost germ layer and lines the developing digestive tube (archenteron)

(a)   is the germ layer covering the embryo's surface (outer covering)

during development (a)   layers give rise to the tissues and organs of the animal embryo

(a)   symmetrical animals have a dorsal, ventral, anterior, and posterior sides

(a)   symmetry is when an animal has symmetry of the right and left side

(a)   symmetry is symmetry across the front, back, left and right

animals can be characterized by (a)  

the blastula undergoes gastrulation, forming a (a)   with different layers of embryonic tissues

cleavage leads to formation of a multicellular, hollow (a)  

after an animal sperm fertilizes the egg, the zygote undergoes rapid cell division called (a)  

the dominant stage of animals is the (a)   stage

a group of protists called (a)   are the closest living relatives to animals

most animals have (a)   genes that regulate the development of body form

__ tissue and __ tissue are unique, defining characteristics of animals

(a)  

(a)   are multicellular, heterotrophic eukaryotes, lack cell walls with tissues that develop from, embryonic layers

(a)   gene transfer is the movement of genes from one genome to another horizontally; in the same generation

(a)   respiration gave a considerable energy advantage due to the addition of mitochondria and the ability to fully break down glucose

__ and __ in eukaryotes came from symbiotic bacteria (endosymbiotic theory)

(a)  

(a)   evolution occurs when similar environmental pressures and natural selection produce similar analogous adaptations in organisms from different evolutionary lineages

(a)   is phenotypic and genetic similarity due to convergent evolution

(a)   is phenotypic and genetic similarity due to shared ancestory

(a)   are inferred from morphological and molecular data

the discipline of (a)   classifies organisms and determines their evolutionary relationships